PHYS/PATH
chap 8 of memmlers
Nervous system: coordinates body systems; detects and responds to stimuli
structural
central nervous system: CNS, brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: PNS, cranial and spinal nerves
F(x):
somatic nervous system: voluntary, effectors are skeletal mm
autonomic (visceral) nervous system ANS: involuntary, smooth and cardiac mm, glands, divide by:
sympathetic - fight/flight, adrenaline
parasympathetic - rest and digest
Neuron-nerve cell
structure: cell body-nucleus, other organelles; cell fibers-dendrites, axon (some have myelin sheath)
schqann cell helps signal go faster, very outer layer neurilemma. This is called white matter
Types of neurons:
-sensory or afferent neurons: to the brain
-motor or efferent neurons: leave brain to mm
-interneuron/central or association neuron: within CNS
Nerves and Tracts
nerves are fiber bundles within PNS
Tracts are fiber bundles within CNS
organized into fascicles
connective tissue:
-endoneurium
-perineurium
-epineurium
Neuroglia (glial cells)
-protects and nourish nervous tissue
-supports nervous tissure
-aid in cell repair
-removes pathogens/impurities
astrocytes: blood brain barrier-go b/w capillary and neuron (p.149-50)
Nerve impulse
-plasma membrane carries elect. charge (potential)
-plasma membrane is polarized (neg charge)
-membrane potential reverses, generates elec. charge (action potential)
resting state
depolarization
repolarization
sodium/potassuim pump (Na+/K+)
myelin sheath speeds conduction
know chart p. 150
The synapse: junctino point for transmitting nerve impulse
axon (presynaptic) coming in
dendrite (postsynaptic)
synaptic cleft - space
neurotransmitters:
-epinephrine (adrenaline)
-norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-acetylcholine- parasympathetic
-receptors
spinal cord - CNS
link b/w PNS and brain
coordinate impulses within CNS
contained and protected by vertebrae
-structure
unmyelinated tissue (gray matter) inside
-dorals horn (afferent)
-ventral horn (efferent)
-gray commissure
-central canal
myelinated axons (white matter) outside
-posterior median sulcus
-anterior median fissure
-ascending and decending tracts (nerve in CNS)
The reflex Arc
-recptor detects stimulus
-sensory neuron transmits impulse to CNS
-CNS coordinates impulses and org. response
-motor neuron carries impulses away from CNS
-effector carries out response
testin afferent and efferent : knee jerk/patellar reflex
reflex activities
-simple
-spinal
spinal nerves:
31 pairs
each nerve attached to spinal cord
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-
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Braches
-cerviacal plexus: phrenic nerve
-Brachial: radial
-lumbrosacral: sacral
-dermatomes: skin
Autonomic Nervous System: ANS
-reg. action of organs and glands, smooth and cardiac mm
-preganglionic neruon connects spinal to ganglion
-postganglionic neuron connects gang. to effector (always use actocolyn?)
ganglion: big group of cell bodies
sympathetic nervous system
-thoracolumbar area (T1-T12)
-collateral ganglia
-celiac ganglion
-superior mesenteric ganglion
-inferior mesenteric ganglion
-adrenergic system (adrenaline/sympathetic)
Parasympathetic
-carniosacral areas
-cholinergic system - actycholine?
Cellular receptors
-cholinergic (actycholine)
-nicotinic (binds nicotine) (somatic): on skel. mm cells, preganglionic
-muscarininc: effector cells of PNS (binds muscarin, a poison)
Adrenergic receptor
-found on receptor cells of sympathetic nervous system
-binds norepinephrine, epinephrine
Chapter 9
Brain:
Cerebrum:
-cerebral hemisphere
-longitudinal fissure divides into 2 hemispheres
-lobes
Diencephalon:
-thalamus
-hypothalamus (only part mixes with blood/ monitor internal conditions)
Brains Stem:
-midbrain: heart/lung fx
-pons: respiratory center
-medulla oblongata
Cerebellum: coordination and mm memory
**p. 169
right side: artistic
left side: analytical
Meninges: connective tissue membrane
3 layers:
-dura mater
-dural sinuses
-arachnoid
-pia mater
Cerebropinal fluid (CSF)
support nerve tissue, cushion shock
carries nutrients to cells
transport waste
produced in ventricles
Cerebral hemisphere
-lobes
>frontal: motor function
>parietal: sensory
>temporal: hearing
>occipital: vision
>insula (within hemisphere)
Cerebral cortex
-gyri
-sulci
-cenral sulcus
-lateral sulcus
-basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
-corpus callosum: connects right and left sides
-internal capsule
F(x) of cerebral cortex:
Front lobes:
-motor area
-speech center
-Broca area (motor speech area)
Parietal:
-sensory area
-est. distance, size, shape
Temporal:
-auditory
-olfactory (smell)
-Wernicke area (speech comprehension)
Occipital:
-visual receive
-visual association
short term/long term memory
MFR
-soul purpose of MFR is relieves pain and restore function (star question)
-3D application of sustained pressure and movement into fascial system
-eliminate fascial restrictions and old movement patterns (no longer relevant and are impeding health and well being [still moving as if injured])
-whole body hands on approach Tx of human structure
-tech. that address fascia - soft tissue mobilization, deep transverse friction, pelvic stabil.
-assit emotional release
-return order/equilibriu to whole person
-Indications: Acute and chronic pain, neurological and movement dysfunction, birth trauma, pelvic dysfun, scar tissue, headaches, ROM.
-Contraindications: general/systemic, local, thorough intake before Tx, assess, assess, assess and then, reassess,
avoid injury- never do anything to hurt cl., good pain vs. bad pain, observe cl., don't do anything you're unsure of
-talk to cl.
-listen to cl.
-watch body lang/ look for tension
-breathing patterns
-changes in skin color
-changes in voice pattern
Fascia
Barnes definition: continuous web connective tissues covering every surface of body; tendency to bind down, distort and cause pain when traumatized in any way; no such thing as a muscle-all is fascia; every muscle, fascicle, microfibril,bone, organ, vessel is surrounded or is fascia.
Tabers Definition: fibrous membrane covering, supports, separates mm, unites skin with underlying tissue, fascia may be superficial, a merely subcutaneous covering permitting free mvmt of skin, or deep enveloping and binding mm; tough connective tissue spreads from head to toe without interruption.
malfunction of fascia cause fibers to bind down/restrict with abnormal pressure on any _____ of body
creates pain with restriction
can cause malfunction in unrelated areas
**fascia responds (quicker) to time, heat, pressure.
divides body and holds up
tightens down in a coiled fashion
without fascia we be bag of bones
*3 components of fascia (collagen, elastin, ground substance)
-collagen:
trauma, stress, and dehydro causes fiber shorten
is protein which creates fibers, ensures no weakness
3 polypeptide chains provide strength over extension- known for its strength
root word= glue producer
most likely to be dysfunctional
tends to be shorten and thicken with trauma
tensile strength: 2000lbs/sq. in.
-elastin:
rubber like/ elastic
laid down parallel to collagen
mostly in skin and arteries
allows mvmt
rebounds and recoils- after being stretched
holds memory, both physical and emotional
-ground substance
used for protection
shock absorption
allows ease of mvmt. w/in tissue (inner fiber distance)
carries nutrients and O2
carries and diffuses waste
great conductor
offers glide viscosity
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