1-23-12 Monday

Plantar fasciitis: pain, bould be inflammatory (diet/adreanal) or degenerative in foot
men=women, 2 mil/yr., runners (shoes)
aggravate: overweight, flat feet, bad/worn shoes, hypertonic calf mm,
secondary: gout, diabetes, FA
Tx: orthotics, massage, etc

Scleroderma: basically things are hardening up; autoimmune-production abnormal amounts of collagen
skin, hard skin, other tissues hard too
esophagus doesn't close leads to stomach acid easy to get out
women over men
lots of collagen (type 3) laid down (scar tissue)
local scleroderma-skin hard
systemic, blood vessels, skin, heart, jts, evertything
S&S: ***CREST syndrome
C-calciniosis: calcium deposits in skin
R-Raynaud phenomenon
E- Esophageal dysmotility
S- sclerodactyly- hard fingers
T-terangiectasia- spider veins
systemic (like RA, ) sjogren syndrome: dry up
Tx: drugs/meds, manage, immune suppressant
M: be careful of circulatory system/kidney

Tendinopathies: injury/damage to tendons
intrinsic: overuse, poor flexibility, underlying disease, direct force
extrinsic: training
S&S: looks like mm strain, pain resisted contraction
Tx; anti inflams, rice, stretch
m: respect acute injury

Tenosynovitis: tendon pass through synovial sheath becomes irritated/inflamed
at thumb type of de Quervain ??
S&S: pain, swell, heat, crepitas
Tx: anti symptoms

Whiplash: strain sprain neck
MVA and other injuries
20mph has amplified effect---12g
get checked out
jts, disks, subluxatoin vertebrae, TMJ, nerves, wholee body
radicular pain, pain in other areas
Tx: neck collar as short as possible, mm relaxants, anti inflam

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: entrapment median nerve; symptom in hand
10% adults at sometime
women 3:1
nerve, artery
S&S: pain, numb, pins and needles, thenar atrophy, sleep position,
diabetes, RA, others
diag: Tinel test, Phalen maneuver

Disc Disease: problems with nucleus palposus (inside disc), or annulus fibrosis (outer part of disc)
herniated, bulge, protrusion, rupture ....
complications: spinal cord compression, cauda equina syndrome

Myasthenia Gravis: sutoimmune, destructino of receptor site at NMJ
women in their 20s and men in 50s
testing/diag: mm fatigue with eyes blinking; all mm fatigue easily
can affect arms, legs, respiratory
Tx: surgery and stuff

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial plexus impingment
anterior/middle scalene, coracoid, pec minor, clavicle and 1st rib, lung cancer

Test things
bones, three cells, osteoblast,clast,cytes and funct
basic unit of bone, osteons, havershian systems, compact,supongy, diaphysis,epiphysis parts
know the bones. little with origin and insertion of stuff
mm physiology, sacromere, thinck and thin filliments, calcium role---the whole operation of contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum, no ATP=rigamortis
myofiber/cell and myofibrill, three types of tissue mm: smooth,cardiac, skel.
conditions: fibromyalgia, women, tenderpoints fatigue
osteroporosis, decrease calcium, weak bones
isotonic and isometric
what do you do with pathology
akylosing spondylosis
ajogrens
RA vs. osteroarthritis, DIP PIP
carrpal tunnel
whiplash
osgood schlater



Chapter 11 the Endocrine system; glands and hormones

Endocrine system: coordinates all other body systems, works with nervous system
endocrine glands: produce hormone into blood
adrenal gland get most blood supply?

Hormones (abbreviated H for ease): chemical messengers with regulatory effect on cells or organs
release directly into tissue/not ducts
affect many tissue
growth, thyroid H., insulin (blood sugar)
Affect specific tissue
thyroid stimulating H. (TSH) stim thyroid to work
adrenocortinotropic H (ACTH): stim adrenal glands


Hormone Chemistry
-amino acid compound
proteins of related compounds
all hormones except steroids
-lipids
most are steroids, from cholesterol
produced in adrenal cortex and sex gland
prostaglandings are also lipids

order
pineal gland: carcadin rhythm setter; melatonin, cortisol?
hypothalamus: monitoring blood
pituitary: produce TSH, ACTH
thyroid: T4 and T3 stuff?
ovaries/testes
adrenals

Hormone regulation
most negative feedback
some post. feedback
rhythmic pattern
brain, digestive organs, kidney also produce hormones

****p.210 and 211***

Pituitary (hypophysis) gland
*master gland
release H that affect working of other glands
controlled by hypothalamus

2 H from posterior pituitary (only stores them)
both made in hypothalamus: oxytocin and ADH- anti diarehtic H (pee less)

Control of Pituitary
Hypothalamus
-sends releasing H (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH)
-produces antidiuretic H (ADH) and oxytocin

Hormones of Anterior lobe
growth H (GH) or somatotropin
thyroid stim H (TSH) or thyro____
ACTH
prolactin (PRL)
gonadotrpins: follick stim (FSH) and ____ (LH)

Posterior lobe
stores ADH and oxytocin


Thyroid gland- largest endocrine gland
lateral lobes on either side of larynx

Hormones of thyroid (speed things up)
thyroxine (T4)
principle H
increase energy and protein metabolism rate
triiodothyronine (T3)
increase energy and protein metabolism rate
calcitonin (red-headed step child)
reg. calcium metabolism
works with parathyroid H and vit D

Parathyroid gland (back of thyroid gland)
4 gland in posterior capsule of thyroid
secrete parathyroid H (PTH)
works with calcitonin to reg calcium meta.
Calcium metabolism
calc. balance requires:
calcitriol (dihydroxycholecalciterol) - produced by modifying vit D in liver than in kidney
parathyroid H
Calcitonin


Adrenal Gland
2 small glands on top of kidneys
each with 2 parts that act as separate glands
medulla- adrenalin/norepinephrine
cortex- cortisol, DHDA?, progesteron, etc. (longer lasting H)
vit C big co-factor

H. from
adrenal cortex:
glucucorticoids- cortisol (increase glucose levels in blood) or hydrocortisone
mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
sex hormones

Panreas and __ H.
islets of Langerhans* are specialised pancreas cells that secrete:
-insulin (gets sugar inside cells), decrease blood sugar, stim manufacture amino acids into protein
-glucagon- increase blood sugar

Sex glands
ovaries/testes produce H. to develop sexual characteristics, maintain reproductive organs
men=testosterone
women=estrogen, progesteron

Thymus gland- T cells
mass of lymphoid tissue in upper chest superior heart
important in development of immunity
produces thymosin- assist in maturity of T lymphocytes

Pineal Gland- cone shaped, posterior mid brain
produce melatonin
influence sleep/wake cycle
appears to delay onset of puberty

Other H. producing tissue
stomach, small intestine, kidney, brain, atria of heart, placenta

prostaglanding- group H. made by most body tissue
-produced, act, and rapid inactivited in or close to origin?
-constrict struct
-dilate struct
-promote inflammation

H. and Tx
-synthetics or animal replacements

H. Stress
stress response involves nervous and endocrine system.
H. release during stress help body cope
unchecked levels of H. can harm body

Aging
pancreas- adult onset diabetes
...