PHYS/PATH
Fungal Infection
superficial fungal infection
mycosis, dermatophytosis, ringworm (no worms)
legions = tinea which means fungal infect
etiology: dermatophytes live dead skin cells, transmitted skin-skin
Signs and symptoms
tinea corporis is body ringworm
common and contagious
small, round, red, scaly, patch on trunk/extremities
scratch spreads
tinea capitis is head ringworm
itchy flaking looks like dandruff
tinea pedis is athlets foot
often b/w toes 3rd &4th digit
very common
burns, itches, oozing blisters
may spread to hands (tinea manus)
tinea cruris is jock itch
upper thigh to butt
can be internal
Tx: topical, oral, also treat shoes, gloves ect.
Prevent: avoid contact
M. local contra
Herpes Simplex virus
HSV-1 : mouth above waist
HSV-2 : genitals below waist
demographics 20-25% have type 2, 60-80% have type 1
etiology
oral, respiratory, mucous secretion
primary vs. recurrent herpes
virus never expelled
waits for trigger: sun, stress, pms, wedding pict. . .
communicability: virus is stable outside host
S&S
pain/tingle before out break
blister on red base
after scab, lesion less infect
2wks-1month
types: oral-cold sore; genital-genitals, thigh, butt, low back
complications
secondary bact. infect
increase risk of HIV
accelerates progress of HIV and AIDS
complicates vaginal births
Tx
antiviral suppress
no cure
isolate towels and bedding . . .
no sexual contact with lesions
keep healthy immune system
M. local contra
Impetigo: skin infect with staph or strep - face and head
S&S: imetigo contagissa
bullous impetigo
ecthyana?
Tx: antibiotic cream
Prevention: treat chapped skin, clean and cover
don't touch
M. systemic contra
Lice and Mites
Mites: sarcoptes scabiei
burrow under skin
cause lesions called scabies
poop/waste are irritant
spread skin to skin, clothes. lives days off host
S&S: trails left in skin, itch
Tx: pesticidal soap, wash clothes and stuff
M. systemic
lice: wingless insect
lives in head hair and sucks blood from scalp
saliva irritating
lay eggs called nits
S&S nits, base of hair
itch, mvmt on scalp
Tx: pesticidal shampoo
M. systemic
body lice: pediculus humanus humanus, closely related to head lice
Pubic lice: crabs, coarse body hair
Warts: benign growth; varieties of HPV, invades keratinocytes
etiology: HPV 100+ variants
common wars through skin contact
require repeated exposure, grows slowly
types: plantar, palmar plantar, cystic, butchers
plane or flat
molluscum contagissum- not HPV
genital, several varieties, can lead ot cervical cancer
Tx: benign neglect gone in 2yrs.
topical acid
liquid nitro
electrosurgery
garlic
duct tape
self fulfilling prophecy
M. local
Acne Rosacea: idiopathic chronic skin cond.
etiology: not sell understood, comes and goes, triggers can be sunlight...
S&S: 4 stages
facial flushing
vascular rosacea
Inflammatory rosacea- papales
rhinophyma
complications: damage cornea, self esteem, public perception
Tx: topical, oral, plastic surgery
M, local (face)
Acne Vulgaris: small bacterial infect. of face, neck, upper back
Demographics: teens 85%, 5% after 45yrs old
etiology: factor 1-testosterone
factor 2-bacteria
3-stress
4-liver congestion
5-hormonal imbalance
S&S: local pain
pimples
cyst
open comedones-black heads
closed comedones- white heads
Tx: avoid touch face, wash, meds, stuff for scars
M: local, consider water based instead of oil
Dermatitis/Eczema: skin inflammation by convention; not infectious
contact dermatitis: externally applied irritant or allergen
eczema: immune dyst. hypersensitive, expressed in skin
10-20% infants, 15 million U.S. adults
etiology: type I: reaction- hay fever, asthma
typeIV:
causes of eczema: fatty acid deficient, elevated immunoglobulin
trigger detergents
contact derm: allergens
S&S: atopic dermatitis
*nummular eczema
itchy, small circular lesions on legs and buttocks
looks like ringworm
S&S: contact derm: acute inflam at area of contact
stasis derm: bed sores- infected
compl. itch, scratch, 2nd infect
Tx: self care, avoid trigger
meds, topical and antihistamines
M. depends- local to systemic
Hives: urticaria- itch, swell, stress, allergy
acute hives
cholinergiz hive- hundred tiney wheels
physical hives: mechanic trigger
chronic: 6+ wks, idiopathic (don't heal)
S&S: red, itch,
Tx: antihist. topical
M. local- hypoallergenic lub.
*Psoriasis: chronic skin condition with acute episodes, pile up of excess skin
6-7 million, mostly whites
etiology: overactive T cells and chem
S&S: most common, raised pink, red patches with silvery scales
mild itchy
knees, elbows, scalp
can be wide spread
under nails (pitted)
[silver scales, pitted nails, on extensors (elbows)]
complicants: sever cracking- infect. psoriatic arthritis
Tx. topical
photo therapy
oral
no permanent sol.
vit D
M. avoid lesions, not contagious, not spread through M.
Skin Cancer: uncontrolled replication of cells, some local others metastasize
1 in 5 get skin cancer
1 million case/yr
110k are melanoma
mortality risk rising
common in people who:
sunburn
south or high altitude
immune suppressed
have had skin cancer
moles/atypical
toxic
etiology: *precancer lesion known as Actinic Keratosis*
S&S: some don't heal, brown red scaly lesions, squamous cell
Tx: liquid nitrogen, meds
M. local, make sure referred
**Basal Cell Carcinoma: most common type of skin cancer 75-90%
slow growing,
S&S: some don't heal, comes and goes same place
nodular BCC
pigmented
superficial
micronodule
morph_________
Tx: excision
M: local
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
affects beratinocytes
long sun exposure
doesn't heal/comes and goes
Tx: liquid nitrogen
shaved off in layers
M. depends on Tx
**Maligment melanoma
may develop in non sun areas
leading cause of skin cancer death
72% of skin cancer death
S&S starts with preexisting mole
A-asymmetrical
B-boarder
C-color
D-diameter
E-elevated
Tx: surgery, radiation
prevention: limit sun exposure, cover up, sunglasses
M. depends on Tx
Burns: injury destroys protein in skin
etiology: depends on depth and area
1st degree: epidermis, no blistering
2nd degree: edema, pain, inflammation, blistering, can scar
3rd degree: through dermis, destroys layers, whiteness, charring, leathering texture
Tx: 1-2nd: lotion, antibiotic cream, cold
3rd: cleansing, skin graft
M: local in acute, work w/in pain tolerance
Decubitus Ulcer: bed sores, pressure, no mobility
etiology: squeeze capilaries to death
S&S: change in skin temp., red, pain, itch,
Tx. topical
M. good prevention, local when compromised
Scar Tissue: new tissue to repair damage
etiology: after injury, inflammation, scabs- let fall off
S&S: hypertrophic-bulges
keloid, over flows area
Tx: cosmetic
M: post acute stages, watch for areas of numbness
Thursday, December 22, 2011
Monday, December 12, 2011
12-12-11 Monday
SWEDISH MASSAGE
We did our practicals!!!
Sign up for the pot luck on Friday (I should follow my own advice)
ANATOMY
Wednesday is the cadaver lab
Friday is the 150 question final
BODY AWARENESS
hopefully the video taping went through and Jodie and Jeffery will email us the footage. HW: write a journal entry on watching yourself, bring sheets for body mechanics test next class
Also, FEEDBACK sessions. . . sign up for them!
We did our practicals!!!
Sign up for the pot luck on Friday (I should follow my own advice)
ANATOMY
Wednesday is the cadaver lab
Friday is the 150 question final
BODY AWARENESS
hopefully the video taping went through and Jodie and Jeffery will email us the footage. HW: write a journal entry on watching yourself, bring sheets for body mechanics test next class
Also, FEEDBACK sessions. . . sign up for them!
12-9-11 Friday
SWEDISH M
There was info regarding the written comprehensive, but we got a handout with that stuff on it today so I won't write it out!
PHYS/PATH
for the test, focus on physiology over pathology
learn the prefix and suffix/ roots words. It'll help
ex. cyst: hollow organ
brady: slow
Infectious Agent: what can make you sick
1. Prions
-no DNA or RNA
-grow within CNS (central nervous system
-spread through eating brain of animal. ex- BSE (mad cow disease), Kuru (only in New Guinea)
2. Viruses
-packet DNA/RNA
-reprogram target cell to produce virus
-infected cell rupture, release viral copies
-cannot replicate outside of host
-many disintegrate outside host
-some are stable, especially herpes simplex, hep. B ...
3. Bacteria
-single cell microorganism
-can survive outside host
-not all pathogenic (bad); some good
-pathogenic bacteria attack cells, release toxic waste that damage cells
-antibiotics interfere with bacteria reproduction (slow growing less responsive)
-some bacteria have spore; tough waxy coat to protect bact.
TYPES OF BACTERIA
-cocci: spherical
-dipolcocci: 2
-staphylocci:
-streptococci: associated with systemic infection
-bacilli: elongated and rod shaped (spore form likely)
-spirochates: spiral
-microplasma: very tiny
4. Fungi
-yeasts and molds
-internal : assoc. with imbalance between yeast and bact.
-external : skin infection
5. Animal Parasites
-single cell or multicellular organism
-live in or on host
-can be vector for other diseases
-protozoa
-helminths and roundworm
-arthropods (head lice, mites)
-others (mosquitoes, tick, flea, dont' live on or in host but can spread disease)
know the definitions of these hygienic practices:
-antisepsis
-disinfect
-sterilization
-plain soap
-antimicrobial soap
-detergent
-alcohol based hand rub
-universal/standard precautions
Handwashing
work to preserve lipid layer,skin health
transit bact: superficial easy to remove
resident bact: deep, hard
30 sec. hand wash, liquid over bar soap
alcohol based: fast, doesn't remove dirt, moisturizing is important
take care of nails
care of surfaces: nothing one client touches directly/indirectly touches another client.
laundering, if bleach, thoroughly rinse.
Inflammatory process
-response to tissue damage or threat of invasion by antiagent
triggered by: physical trauma, invasion with foreign bodies, hormonal changes, autoimmune activity.
purpose:
-protect from pathogenic invasion
-limit range of contamination
-prepare damaged area for healing
Outcomes
-complete resolution with no scar tissue
-accumulation of scar tissue
-formation of cysts/abscesses
-chronic inflammation
Components of inflammation, vascular activity
1-vasoconstriction
protective response, short lived
2-vasodialation
chem. released by damaged endothelium and mast cells
increase permeability of capillaries
reinforce capillaries dilation
attract platelets
slow blood flow away from area
may last several minutes to hours to days
Components of inflammation, cellular activity
-many cells recruited to manage tissue dem. and contaminate risk with injury
-endothelial cells:
-release chem. to activate platelets, allow white blood cell to migrate out of capillaries
-proliferate to grow new capillary ---- in later stage
-platelets: become jagged and sticky, bond with plasma protein
White blood cell- several types
1. Granulocytes: smallest, fastest
-Neutrophilis first on scene for bact., infection, musculoskeletal injury
-Eosinophils: allergies and parasites
-Basophils: allergies, histamines releases
2. Mast Cells
-tissue vulnerable to injury
-release histamine to prolong inflammatory response
3. Monocytes and Macrophages (clean up crew)
-monocytes: large, mobile WBC
-can become permanently fixed macrophanges
4. Lymphocytes
-work with macrophytes to clean up debris; promote scar tissue, angiogenesis
5. Fibroblasts
-produce collagen, extracellular matrix (forming scar tissue)
-dran to local blood clots, may proliferate to form more scar tissue
Chemical mediators
-many sources of chem. mediators help coordinate cellular activity in plasma, mast cells ect.
stages of healing:
Acute
-damaged cells release chem
-edema develops
-platelets, early white bc arrive
-tissue exudate begins to form
-time, depends but 1-3days
Subacute (proliferative)
-cells accum. to fill damage area
-endothelial cell grow new capillary
-fibroblasts create collagen fibers
-slower white bc arrive to start clean up
-2-3 wks
Post acute (maturation)
-collagen denser: align according to force
Chronic inflammation
-pathogen/irratant not removed
-immune system continue to attack tissue
-mmskel. structure never regain fully
complications
-cyst, abscesses
-fistulas, sinuses
-tendinosis
-keloid scar
Signs/symp
pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
dolor= pain
calor= heat
rubor= redness
tumor= swelling
functio laesa= loss of funct.
Chapter 2 Wer.- skin/ integumentary system
function
-insides from falling out
-protection
-homeostasis
-sensory envelope
-absorption
no massage over breaks in skin
lesion --- many kinds
Boils: local staphylococcal (staph) infection also called furuncles
-etiology:
a. staph A infect at sebaceous gland, hair shafts, or site of injury
b. staph A is aggressive, resistant, adaptalble (MRSA = methuillon-resistent staphylococcus aureas?)
c. most common at axilla, groin (hidrodenitis)
d. at buttocks- pilonidal cyst
signs and symptoms:
-large, obvious, painful infection, usually one at a time or small clusters; over larger area called folliculitis
-starts as hard red/pin bump, develops center of pus, may rupture, may penetrate deep layer of skin, can scar
treatment:
-antibiotic ointment, hot compress
-lance, drain boil
-oral too slow
-don't squeeze or pop
Prevention:
-don't share things- razor, towel
-observe hygienic pract.
M.:
not on site
Cellulitis: streptococcal (strep) infection of skin
-strep A: strep throat, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fascilitis, other .
etiology:
-strep gain access; portal of entry
-not always obvious
-toxins corrosive to cells
S&S:
-skin infection
-tender, red, swollen
-streaking toward lymph nodes
-face: rash across nose
-erysipdlas
Tx:
aggressive antibiotics
M:
no
There was info regarding the written comprehensive, but we got a handout with that stuff on it today so I won't write it out!
PHYS/PATH
for the test, focus on physiology over pathology
learn the prefix and suffix/ roots words. It'll help
ex. cyst: hollow organ
brady: slow
Infectious Agent: what can make you sick
1. Prions
-no DNA or RNA
-grow within CNS (central nervous system
-spread through eating brain of animal. ex- BSE (mad cow disease), Kuru (only in New Guinea)
2. Viruses
-packet DNA/RNA
-reprogram target cell to produce virus
-infected cell rupture, release viral copies
-cannot replicate outside of host
-many disintegrate outside host
-some are stable, especially herpes simplex, hep. B ...
3. Bacteria
-single cell microorganism
-can survive outside host
-not all pathogenic (bad); some good
-pathogenic bacteria attack cells, release toxic waste that damage cells
-antibiotics interfere with bacteria reproduction (slow growing less responsive)
-some bacteria have spore; tough waxy coat to protect bact.
TYPES OF BACTERIA
-cocci: spherical
-dipolcocci: 2
-staphylocci:
-streptococci: associated with systemic infection
-bacilli: elongated and rod shaped (spore form likely)
-spirochates: spiral
-microplasma: very tiny
4. Fungi
-yeasts and molds
-internal : assoc. with imbalance between yeast and bact.
-external : skin infection
5. Animal Parasites
-single cell or multicellular organism
-live in or on host
-can be vector for other diseases
-protozoa
-helminths and roundworm
-arthropods (head lice, mites)
-others (mosquitoes, tick, flea, dont' live on or in host but can spread disease)
know the definitions of these hygienic practices:
-antisepsis
-disinfect
-sterilization
-plain soap
-antimicrobial soap
-detergent
-alcohol based hand rub
-universal/standard precautions
Handwashing
work to preserve lipid layer,skin health
transit bact: superficial easy to remove
resident bact: deep, hard
30 sec. hand wash, liquid over bar soap
alcohol based: fast, doesn't remove dirt, moisturizing is important
take care of nails
care of surfaces: nothing one client touches directly/indirectly touches another client.
laundering, if bleach, thoroughly rinse.
Inflammatory process
-response to tissue damage or threat of invasion by antiagent
triggered by: physical trauma, invasion with foreign bodies, hormonal changes, autoimmune activity.
purpose:
-protect from pathogenic invasion
-limit range of contamination
-prepare damaged area for healing
Outcomes
-complete resolution with no scar tissue
-accumulation of scar tissue
-formation of cysts/abscesses
-chronic inflammation
Components of inflammation, vascular activity
1-vasoconstriction
protective response, short lived
2-vasodialation
chem. released by damaged endothelium and mast cells
increase permeability of capillaries
reinforce capillaries dilation
attract platelets
slow blood flow away from area
may last several minutes to hours to days
Components of inflammation, cellular activity
-many cells recruited to manage tissue dem. and contaminate risk with injury
-endothelial cells:
-release chem. to activate platelets, allow white blood cell to migrate out of capillaries
-proliferate to grow new capillary ---- in later stage
-platelets: become jagged and sticky, bond with plasma protein
White blood cell- several types
1. Granulocytes: smallest, fastest
-Neutrophilis first on scene for bact., infection, musculoskeletal injury
-Eosinophils: allergies and parasites
-Basophils: allergies, histamines releases
2. Mast Cells
-tissue vulnerable to injury
-release histamine to prolong inflammatory response
3. Monocytes and Macrophages (clean up crew)
-monocytes: large, mobile WBC
-can become permanently fixed macrophanges
4. Lymphocytes
-work with macrophytes to clean up debris; promote scar tissue, angiogenesis
5. Fibroblasts
-produce collagen, extracellular matrix (forming scar tissue)
-dran to local blood clots, may proliferate to form more scar tissue
Chemical mediators
-many sources of chem. mediators help coordinate cellular activity in plasma, mast cells ect.
stages of healing:
Acute
-damaged cells release chem
-edema develops
-platelets, early white bc arrive
-tissue exudate begins to form
-time, depends but 1-3days
Subacute (proliferative)
-cells accum. to fill damage area
-endothelial cell grow new capillary
-fibroblasts create collagen fibers
-slower white bc arrive to start clean up
-2-3 wks
Post acute (maturation)
-collagen denser: align according to force
Chronic inflammation
-pathogen/irratant not removed
-immune system continue to attack tissue
-mmskel. structure never regain fully
complications
-cyst, abscesses
-fistulas, sinuses
-tendinosis
-keloid scar
Signs/symp
pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
dolor= pain
calor= heat
rubor= redness
tumor= swelling
functio laesa= loss of funct.
Chapter 2 Wer.- skin/ integumentary system
function
-insides from falling out
-protection
-homeostasis
-sensory envelope
-absorption
no massage over breaks in skin
lesion --- many kinds
Boils: local staphylococcal (staph) infection also called furuncles
-etiology:
a. staph A infect at sebaceous gland, hair shafts, or site of injury
b. staph A is aggressive, resistant, adaptalble (MRSA = methuillon-resistent staphylococcus aureas?)
c. most common at axilla, groin (hidrodenitis)
d. at buttocks- pilonidal cyst
signs and symptoms:
-large, obvious, painful infection, usually one at a time or small clusters; over larger area called folliculitis
-starts as hard red/pin bump, develops center of pus, may rupture, may penetrate deep layer of skin, can scar
treatment:
-antibiotic ointment, hot compress
-lance, drain boil
-oral too slow
-don't squeeze or pop
Prevention:
-don't share things- razor, towel
-observe hygienic pract.
M.:
not on site
Cellulitis: streptococcal (strep) infection of skin
-strep A: strep throat, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fascilitis, other .
etiology:
-strep gain access; portal of entry
-not always obvious
-toxins corrosive to cells
S&S:
-skin infection
-tender, red, swollen
-streaking toward lymph nodes
-face: rash across nose
-erysipdlas
Tx:
aggressive antibiotics
M:
no
12-7-11 Wednesday
PHYS/PATH
back to dense connective tissue
Types
1. irregular: mostly collagen fibers in all different directions/random arrangements (ex. membranes, capsules, skin, fascia)
2. regular: mostly collagenous fibers in parallel alignment (ex. ligament, tendon. lined up in 1 direction with force in one direction)
3. elastic: elastic fibers (ex. vocal cords, blood vessel walls. rubber band)
collagen - protein
cartilage
-hyaline cartilage: ex. end of nose, trachea, end of long bone
-fibrocartilage: disc b/w vertebrae, knee jt, pubis symphasis)
-elastic: wind pipe, ears
chondrocytes: cless making protein for cartilage
Bone, or osseous, bone marrow
osteocytes: bone cells
osteoclast: break down of bone cells
fibrocytes: build cells in protein? making collagen
Muscle tissue- 3 types
1. Skeletal mm
-voluntary control
-striated
-long and thin
2.Cardiac mm (myocardium)
-involuntary
-intercolated disks (collagen that holds these cells together)
-short and fat fibers
-partially striated
3. Smooth mm (visceral)
-involuntary
-no intercalated disk
-no striation
Nervous System
-brain
-nerves
-spinal cord
Brain
-gray matter
-white matter: myelin coating covers axon
Ok, Dr. Lou drew a picture of a weird hand face thing that was supposed to be a nerve and the basic information I think I got out of it was this:
nerves only work in one direction and here is one of those directions:
stimuli occurs, then diedrites take info to the cell body, then the axon takes the info away from the cell body.
a nerve is a bunch of neurons
glial cells: protect the brain and axons
neuroglia: supporting nerves to do what they do, like an agent or manager
Membranes
-thin sheets of tissue, cover surface, divider, line hollow organ/body cavities, anchor organ, contain cells that secrete lubricants
Epithelial membrane (several types)
1. serous: slippery ones
2. mucous: produce mucus- mouth, nose, digestive tract
3. cutaneous: skin
Serous membrane (3 types)
a. pleurae: around lungs
b. serous pericardium: around heart
c. peritaneum: around abdominal organs and cavity
organization
-parietal layer: lining body cavity
-visceral layer: in contact with organs
Mucous Membrane
-vary in structure and function
-trap and remove foreign particles
-protect deeper tissue
-absorb food materials
Connective tissue
w/o epithilium
-synovial membrane
-meninges: around spinal cord and brain for protection
Fibrous bonds or sheets support and hold organs
-superficial (subcutaneous) fascia
-deep fascia
Membrane support organs
-fibrous pericardium
-periosteum
-perichondrium
Tissue and aging:
loss elasticity
skin
blood vessels
tendons and lig
bone
mm
Chapter 5 Skin and associated structure form integumentary system
Struct of skin
3 layers
1.epidermis (stratifed squemous)
2.Dermis: blood vessels, nerve endings, gland, dense irregular connective tissue
3.Subcutaneous: (hypodermis) adipose tissue, bigger vessels
(other things I have in margin: stratum basale cuboidal, dermal papills give finger prints)
Epidermis:
-top layer (germinativum)
-statum basale - cuboidal, base layer of epidermis
-stratum corneum- the very top layer of the top layer
keratin seems to be important; not sure what it is yet
langerhans are like cookie monster for debris
p.72 melanocytes
Dermis: has
-blood vessels
-nerves
-sweat gland
-oil gland
-hair
-dermal papillae
Subcutaneous layer
-loose connective tissue
-adipose
-blood vessels
-nerves and nerve ending
Accessory Structures
Sebaceous glands
-next to hair folical
-sebum: lubricates (through skin)
-vernix caseosa: white stuff on babies
-eye lubrication: tears
Sudoriferous (sweat) gland
-location: dermis and subcutaneous
-eccrine type sweat glands (mostly)
-apocrine (armpits)
-ceruminous gland (ear canal)
-ciliary (eye lid)
-mammary (breast/milk producing)
Hair
-composed mainly keratin and is not living
-hair follicles
-melanocytes - gives color
-arrector pili mm
Nail
-made of keratin produced by cells that originate in the outer layer of epidermis
-nail root
-nail plate
-nail bed
-lunula
-cuticle
Function of skin (4 major ones)
-protection against infection
-protection against dehydration (drying out)
-regulation of body temp
-collection of sensory info
pacinian corpuscle: feels pressure (deep pressure)
meisner corpuscle: feels touch, vibration
Protection against infection
-intact skin forms primary barrier against invasion
-interlocking pattern resists penetration
-shedding removes bad things
-protects against bacterial toxin
-protects against some harmful environmental chemical
Protects against dehydration
-prevent evaporation
-keratin in epidermis
-sebum release from the sebaceous gland
Reg. body temp
-loss excess heat and protection from cold are important
-function of skin
-constriction of blood vessels
-dilation of blood vessels
-evaporation of perspiration
Collection of Sensory info
-free nerve endings
-touch receptors (meisner corpuscle)
-deep pressure receptor (pacinian corpuscle)
Other activities of the skin
-absorption - meds
-excretion of water, electrolyts, wastes
-manufacture of vitamin D
Skin color
-amount of pigment in epidermis
-*melanin
-*carotene
-blood in surface blood vessels
-composition of blood: oxygen, hemoglobin, other chemicals
Aging of integumentary
-skin
-tissue
-pigment
-hair
-sweat gland
-circulation
-fingernails and toes
Care of skin
-proper nutrition
-adequate circulation?
-regular cleansing: removes dirt and dead skin, sustains slighty acid environment to inhibit bacteria
-protect sunlight: exposure to UV light causes genetic mutation in skin that can lead to cancer, cause premature aging
back to dense connective tissue
Types
1. irregular: mostly collagen fibers in all different directions/random arrangements (ex. membranes, capsules, skin, fascia)
2. regular: mostly collagenous fibers in parallel alignment (ex. ligament, tendon. lined up in 1 direction with force in one direction)
3. elastic: elastic fibers (ex. vocal cords, blood vessel walls. rubber band)
collagen - protein
cartilage
-hyaline cartilage: ex. end of nose, trachea, end of long bone
-fibrocartilage: disc b/w vertebrae, knee jt, pubis symphasis)
-elastic: wind pipe, ears
chondrocytes: cless making protein for cartilage
Bone, or osseous, bone marrow
osteocytes: bone cells
osteoclast: break down of bone cells
fibrocytes: build cells in protein? making collagen
Muscle tissue- 3 types
1. Skeletal mm
-voluntary control
-striated
-long and thin
2.Cardiac mm (myocardium)
-involuntary
-intercolated disks (collagen that holds these cells together)
-short and fat fibers
-partially striated
3. Smooth mm (visceral)
-involuntary
-no intercalated disk
-no striation
Nervous System
-brain
-nerves
-spinal cord
Brain
-gray matter
-white matter: myelin coating covers axon
Ok, Dr. Lou drew a picture of a weird hand face thing that was supposed to be a nerve and the basic information I think I got out of it was this:
nerves only work in one direction and here is one of those directions:
stimuli occurs, then diedrites take info to the cell body, then the axon takes the info away from the cell body.
a nerve is a bunch of neurons
glial cells: protect the brain and axons
neuroglia: supporting nerves to do what they do, like an agent or manager
Membranes
-thin sheets of tissue, cover surface, divider, line hollow organ/body cavities, anchor organ, contain cells that secrete lubricants
Epithelial membrane (several types)
1. serous: slippery ones
2. mucous: produce mucus- mouth, nose, digestive tract
3. cutaneous: skin
Serous membrane (3 types)
a. pleurae: around lungs
b. serous pericardium: around heart
c. peritaneum: around abdominal organs and cavity
organization
-parietal layer: lining body cavity
-visceral layer: in contact with organs
Mucous Membrane
-vary in structure and function
-trap and remove foreign particles
-protect deeper tissue
-absorb food materials
Connective tissue
w/o epithilium
-synovial membrane
-meninges: around spinal cord and brain for protection
Fibrous bonds or sheets support and hold organs
-superficial (subcutaneous) fascia
-deep fascia
Membrane support organs
-fibrous pericardium
-periosteum
-perichondrium
Tissue and aging:
loss elasticity
skin
blood vessels
tendons and lig
bone
mm
Chapter 5 Skin and associated structure form integumentary system
Struct of skin
3 layers
1.epidermis (stratifed squemous)
2.Dermis: blood vessels, nerve endings, gland, dense irregular connective tissue
3.Subcutaneous: (hypodermis) adipose tissue, bigger vessels
(other things I have in margin: stratum basale cuboidal, dermal papills give finger prints)
Epidermis:
-top layer (germinativum)
-statum basale - cuboidal, base layer of epidermis
-stratum corneum- the very top layer of the top layer
keratin seems to be important; not sure what it is yet
langerhans are like cookie monster for debris
p.72 melanocytes
Dermis: has
-blood vessels
-nerves
-sweat gland
-oil gland
-hair
-dermal papillae
Subcutaneous layer
-loose connective tissue
-adipose
-blood vessels
-nerves and nerve ending
Accessory Structures
Sebaceous glands
-next to hair folical
-sebum: lubricates (through skin)
-vernix caseosa: white stuff on babies
-eye lubrication: tears
Sudoriferous (sweat) gland
-location: dermis and subcutaneous
-eccrine type sweat glands (mostly)
-apocrine (armpits)
-ceruminous gland (ear canal)
-ciliary (eye lid)
-mammary (breast/milk producing)
Hair
-composed mainly keratin and is not living
-hair follicles
-melanocytes - gives color
-arrector pili mm
Nail
-made of keratin produced by cells that originate in the outer layer of epidermis
-nail root
-nail plate
-nail bed
-lunula
-cuticle
Function of skin (4 major ones)
-protection against infection
-protection against dehydration (drying out)
-regulation of body temp
-collection of sensory info
pacinian corpuscle: feels pressure (deep pressure)
meisner corpuscle: feels touch, vibration
Protection against infection
-intact skin forms primary barrier against invasion
-interlocking pattern resists penetration
-shedding removes bad things
-protects against bacterial toxin
-protects against some harmful environmental chemical
Protects against dehydration
-prevent evaporation
-keratin in epidermis
-sebum release from the sebaceous gland
Reg. body temp
-loss excess heat and protection from cold are important
-function of skin
-constriction of blood vessels
-dilation of blood vessels
-evaporation of perspiration
Collection of Sensory info
-free nerve endings
-touch receptors (meisner corpuscle)
-deep pressure receptor (pacinian corpuscle)
Other activities of the skin
-absorption - meds
-excretion of water, electrolyts, wastes
-manufacture of vitamin D
Skin color
-amount of pigment in epidermis
-*melanin
-*carotene
-blood in surface blood vessels
-composition of blood: oxygen, hemoglobin, other chemicals
Aging of integumentary
-skin
-tissue
-pigment
-hair
-sweat gland
-circulation
-fingernails and toes
Care of skin
-proper nutrition
-adequate circulation?
-regular cleansing: removes dirt and dead skin, sustains slighty acid environment to inhibit bacteria
-protect sunlight: exposure to UV light causes genetic mutation in skin that can lead to cancer, cause premature aging
12-5-11 Monday
Well, I'm late in posting for this day and everything we did this day has come pass. Example being the Swedish and Anatomy practical information was given these days and that's about it. Sorry while I play catch up on notes.
Saturday, December 3, 2011
12-2-11 Friday
SWEDISH
the quiz on monday will be bony landmarks, muscles, and sequence of the neck. 7 questions total
ANATOMY
there were some disturbing birthing videos of doctors pulling and twisting babies necks.
also:
1c. protein powder
1c. peanut butter
1/4c. oats
1/4c. honey
splash of vanilla
keep in freezer
PHYS/PATH
histology is the study of tissue
4 classifications/groups
-epithelial
-connective (including blood)
-mm (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
-nervous
Epithelial
forms protective covering
main tissue of outer layer (skin...)
form membranes, ducts, lining body cavities and hollow organs
Structure classifications
by shape:
squamous: real thin, easy to get through. found in lungs, blood vessels, capillaries
cuboidal: square/cube shaped. found in glands such as: sweat, pancreas, thyroid, kidney
Columnar: hard to get through (filtration)
by arrangement:
simple: one layer
stratified: more than one layer
pseudostratified: 2 layers?
exception: transitional which is in the bladder mainly. It stretches and shrinks
special function of epithelial tissue
-traps foreign particles
mucus secreting (goblet) cells
cillia
-self repairs quickly
Glands
specialized to produce substance sent out to other parts of the body.
Exocrine gland- into/out of a duct
-single cell: goblet cell
-multiple cell: sweat gland
Endocrine- right into the blood, no tunnel or tube
-secrete hormones (to send text message) these are thyroid, adrenial, ovarine, testies . . .
another word for sweat glands___________?
glands are cuboidal in shape
Connective tissue
categorized by physical properties
-circulating connective: blood
-generalized: fascia
-structural: ligaments, cartilage, bone
Acellular matrix -- the matrix is protein (not sure what this means, but that goes without saying on most everything here. sorry)
Two forms-
Loose:
-areolar: light fascia around sweat gland
-adipose
Dense
the quiz on monday will be bony landmarks, muscles, and sequence of the neck. 7 questions total
ANATOMY
there were some disturbing birthing videos of doctors pulling and twisting babies necks.
also:
1c. protein powder
1c. peanut butter
1/4c. oats
1/4c. honey
splash of vanilla
keep in freezer
PHYS/PATH
histology is the study of tissue
4 classifications/groups
-epithelial
-connective (including blood)
-mm (smooth, cardiac, skeletal)
-nervous
Epithelial
forms protective covering
main tissue of outer layer (skin...)
form membranes, ducts, lining body cavities and hollow organs
Structure classifications
by shape:
squamous: real thin, easy to get through. found in lungs, blood vessels, capillaries
cuboidal: square/cube shaped. found in glands such as: sweat, pancreas, thyroid, kidney
Columnar: hard to get through (filtration)
by arrangement:
simple: one layer
stratified: more than one layer
pseudostratified: 2 layers?
exception: transitional which is in the bladder mainly. It stretches and shrinks
special function of epithelial tissue
-traps foreign particles
mucus secreting (goblet) cells
cillia
-self repairs quickly
Glands
specialized to produce substance sent out to other parts of the body.
Exocrine gland- into/out of a duct
-single cell: goblet cell
-multiple cell: sweat gland
Endocrine- right into the blood, no tunnel or tube
-secrete hormones (to send text message) these are thyroid, adrenial, ovarine, testies . . .
another word for sweat glands___________?
glands are cuboidal in shape
Connective tissue
categorized by physical properties
-circulating connective: blood
-generalized: fascia
-structural: ligaments, cartilage, bone
Acellular matrix -- the matrix is protein (not sure what this means, but that goes without saying on most everything here. sorry)
Two forms-
Loose:
-areolar: light fascia around sweat gland
-adipose
Dense
Thursday, December 1, 2011
11-30-11 Wednesday
Phys/Path
Review:
covalant bond is where the atoms share electrons
ionic bond is where atoms give/take electrons. The oppositely charged atoms pull together.
Acid gives H+ (hydrogen) when breaks apart- so, produces hydrogen
Base produces an OH group (hydroxide ion)
pH scale is used to measure acids and bases. 0 being acidic, 7 being neutral, 14 being basic
acid plus base = a salt plus water ex. HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H20
buffers are like sponges for H+ ions
electrolytes, lot are used as buffers, sodium, Cl, potassium
EKG (ECG)- measure electrical of heart
EEG - measure electrical of brain
isotopes have more neutron and have radioactivity (p. 26)
Chemistry of living matter
living matter contains 26 of 92 natural elements
96% of body weight is four elements
4% of body weight is 9 elements
.1% is 13 elements
*** organic compound, where organic means carbon based, are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen***
Macromolecules- carbohydrates, protein, amino acids
Carb- sugars
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
-glucose (body most concerned with this)
disaccharides
polysaccharides
-starch
-glycogen
Lipids - fats
triglycerides
-glycerol (glycerin)
phospholipids
steroids
-cholesterol
-steroid hormones
-sex hormones
Proteins- chains of amino acids
amino acids
enzymes: 1. made from protein, 2. speed up chemical reactions in the body that would take years to do, 3. reduce energy needed for reaction, 4. not used up in reaction, 5. specific- have 1 job to work on, 6. have a shape that brings together or separates substrates in the gap (?), 7. suffix of -ASE like lipase, prodiase, amalase.
-catalysts
-substrates
Chap. 3
Cell is basic unit of life, smaller than cell is not living
cytology is study of cells
microscopes: single, compound, transmission electron, scanning electrons
Organelles p. 38- study
DNA in nucleus
Plasma Membrane (the brain of the cell)
-encloses cell contents
-participates in cell activities
-bilayer shape
-phospholipid bilayer held together with cholesterol and has protein channels. The head of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
the nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell
-chromosomes are DNA wound up.
cytoplasm- the jello
cytosol- the liquid part
mitochondria - the power house/ energy cell
Chromosome to Gene to DNA segment to nucleotide
DNA!
Bases are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) A-T, G-C
sugar (deoxyribose)
double strand
found in nucleus
RNA!
Bases are A,G,C, and urucil (U) A-U, G-C
sugar (ribose)
single strand
found in nucleus or cytoplasm (can leave the 'library')
roles of RNA
mRNA- transcription, actual photocopy, messenger
rRNA- translation, ribosmal, kitchen as in getting made
tRNA- translation, transport, the chef
transcription, make a copy in the nucleus
translation, make the protein in cytoplasm
codan 3 bases (3 letters together)
64 codan and 20 amino acids
amino acids chain gets added to as the code gets read and that makes protein
Cell Division
meiosis-sex cells, 23 chromosomes each, produces 4 cells
mitosis- somatic cells, 46 chromosomes each, produces 2 daughter cells
interphase is normal day to day for cell
mitosis cell is going to divide
-prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, chromosmes visible, centroles begin to separate, there are double the number of chromosomes
-metaphase: centroles on opposite sides of cell, chromosome pairs line up
-anaphase: the pairs are pulled apart
-telophase: membrane pinches forming 2 identical cells
chromosomes go from 46 to 92 to 2 sets of 46 and sex cells divide one more time to 4 sets of 23
movement of substance across plasma membrane depends on:
molecular size
solubility
electrical charge
Passive mvmt (transport) no energy spent
-diffusion: high to low consentration
-osmosis: diffusion but with water
-filtration: size
-facilitates diffusion: need protein channel to go through membrane
typically water follows salt
Active transport (takes energy)
-bulk transport or vesicular transport
-endocytosis out of cell into cell
phagocytosis (soild)
pinocytosis (liquid)
osmosis affects cells
isotonic - cells not affected
hypotonic: less salty, cells swell and may burst; in red cells it is called hemolysis
hypertonic: more salty, cells lose water and shrink; called crenation
Cell aging = damage and death
-free radicals
-enzyme injury
-gene alteration of mutation
-slowing cell activity
-apoptosis (cell death)
Review for Fri.
Chap 1
organization of big to small- chemical, cell, tissue....
ab in 4 or 9 sections
skin: integumentary
metabolism- catabolic, anabolic
inter/extra cellular
+/- feedback group
thorax cavity and the spaces b/w lungs
the cavities of the body
measurement values
Chap 2
structure of atom: proton, neutron, electron and their charges and locations
proton = atomic number
valance = outer shell
element to molecule to compound
water!
ATP is energy currency
mixture, solution, colloid (h20 solute is aqueous)
cation and anion
ionic vs. covalant
electrolytes
acid: H+, base: OH
organic is carbon based
characteristics of enzymes
Chap. 3
organells, p.38 and what they do
membrane
DNA, RNA
protein synth.
m/t/rRNA
mitosis vs. meiosis
p.47 different phases of cell division
active and passive
iso/hypo/hypertonic
ANATOMY
topography names
anterior and posterior triangles
bones in skull
p.236 the tmj and ear relation
SCM-external jugular vein, coratid artery and locations
3 scalens and brancis plexus and artery
masseter: strong primary for massication, it's action
temporalis
superhyoids
digastic
infrahyoids
platysma-integumentary
occipitofrontalis
pterygoids - tmj problems
longus capitis and colli
glossus and intrinsic mm of tongue.
MM facial expression (30)
mimetic mms: express emotion
smile takes 8 mm
frown takes 20 mm
MM of mouth (11) mimetric bilateral
Buccinator:
A: compress cheeks
tighten corner of lips and press cheeks against teeth, blowing up a balloon
Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO)
A: draw corner of mouth inferiorly and laterally- upside down clown smile
Depressor Labii Inferioris
A: depress corner of mouth protruding the lower lip
show bottom teeth
Levator Anguli Oris (LAO)
A: elevate corner of mouth, assist in smile, self confident
Levator Labii Superioris (LLS)
A: elevate and protrude upper lip, show gums (uppers), elvis lip curl
Mentalis (most medial)
A: elevate chin and protrude lower lip, pout then cry
Orbicularis Oris
A: close mouth and shape for speech, sphincter mm, pucker mm
7 primary facial expressions: anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
Platysma...again
Risorius (to laugh)
pulls corners back, flat smile
Zygomaticus Major: genuine smile mm
corner mouth up and laterally. associated with joy, pleasure, laughter
Zygomaticus Minor:
grimace to smile range, elevate and protrudes upper lip
MM of nasal region (3)
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi (LLSAN)
Flare nostril, elevate and protrude upper lip. look of disgust
Nasalis (2 part: transverse and alar portion)
trans: pull nose down.
alar: flare nostril
Procerus (angry 11?)
express concentration or perplexity. pulls skin b/w eyebrows down
MM of Eyes (2)
Corrugator Supercilii
draws eyebrows medial and inferior. can form wrinkles b/w eyebrows. expresses anger, worry, perplexion. frown
Orbicularis Oculi
sphincter mm.
outer fibers, orbital part, squeezes eyelid together (squinting)
inner fibers, palpebral part, involuntarily close eyelid during blinking and sleeping
Moving your eyeball: 6 mm
MM of scalp (5)
Occipitofrontalis- again
galea aponeurotica
Auricularis muscles
anterior
superior
posterior
theoretically moves the ear
Other structures
arteries, glands, nerves
parotid gland
submandibular gland
common carotid artery
superficial temporal artery
facial nerve
thyroid gland and cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
uvula
c5 most commonly injured in whiplash
Review:
covalant bond is where the atoms share electrons
ionic bond is where atoms give/take electrons. The oppositely charged atoms pull together.
Acid gives H+ (hydrogen) when breaks apart- so, produces hydrogen
Base produces an OH group (hydroxide ion)
pH scale is used to measure acids and bases. 0 being acidic, 7 being neutral, 14 being basic
acid plus base = a salt plus water ex. HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H20
buffers are like sponges for H+ ions
electrolytes, lot are used as buffers, sodium, Cl, potassium
EKG (ECG)- measure electrical of heart
EEG - measure electrical of brain
isotopes have more neutron and have radioactivity (p. 26)
Chemistry of living matter
living matter contains 26 of 92 natural elements
96% of body weight is four elements
4% of body weight is 9 elements
.1% is 13 elements
*** organic compound, where organic means carbon based, are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen***
Macromolecules- carbohydrates, protein, amino acids
Carb- sugars
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
-glucose (body most concerned with this)
disaccharides
polysaccharides
-starch
-glycogen
Lipids - fats
triglycerides
-glycerol (glycerin)
phospholipids
steroids
-cholesterol
-steroid hormones
-sex hormones
Proteins- chains of amino acids
amino acids
enzymes: 1. made from protein, 2. speed up chemical reactions in the body that would take years to do, 3. reduce energy needed for reaction, 4. not used up in reaction, 5. specific- have 1 job to work on, 6. have a shape that brings together or separates substrates in the gap (?), 7. suffix of -ASE like lipase, prodiase, amalase.
-catalysts
-substrates
Chap. 3
Cell is basic unit of life, smaller than cell is not living
cytology is study of cells
microscopes: single, compound, transmission electron, scanning electrons
Organelles p. 38- study
DNA in nucleus
Plasma Membrane (the brain of the cell)
-encloses cell contents
-participates in cell activities
-bilayer shape
-phospholipid bilayer held together with cholesterol and has protein channels. The head of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.
the nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell
-chromosomes are DNA wound up.
cytoplasm- the jello
cytosol- the liquid part
mitochondria - the power house/ energy cell
Chromosome to Gene to DNA segment to nucleotide
DNA!
Bases are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) A-T, G-C
sugar (deoxyribose)
double strand
found in nucleus
RNA!
Bases are A,G,C, and urucil (U) A-U, G-C
sugar (ribose)
single strand
found in nucleus or cytoplasm (can leave the 'library')
roles of RNA
mRNA- transcription, actual photocopy, messenger
rRNA- translation, ribosmal, kitchen as in getting made
tRNA- translation, transport, the chef
transcription, make a copy in the nucleus
translation, make the protein in cytoplasm
codan 3 bases (3 letters together)
64 codan and 20 amino acids
amino acids chain gets added to as the code gets read and that makes protein
Cell Division
meiosis-sex cells, 23 chromosomes each, produces 4 cells
mitosis- somatic cells, 46 chromosomes each, produces 2 daughter cells
interphase is normal day to day for cell
mitosis cell is going to divide
-prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, chromosmes visible, centroles begin to separate, there are double the number of chromosomes
-metaphase: centroles on opposite sides of cell, chromosome pairs line up
-anaphase: the pairs are pulled apart
-telophase: membrane pinches forming 2 identical cells
chromosomes go from 46 to 92 to 2 sets of 46 and sex cells divide one more time to 4 sets of 23
movement of substance across plasma membrane depends on:
molecular size
solubility
electrical charge
Passive mvmt (transport) no energy spent
-diffusion: high to low consentration
-osmosis: diffusion but with water
-filtration: size
-facilitates diffusion: need protein channel to go through membrane
typically water follows salt
Active transport (takes energy)
-bulk transport or vesicular transport
-endocytosis out of cell into cell
phagocytosis (soild)
pinocytosis (liquid)
osmosis affects cells
isotonic - cells not affected
hypotonic: less salty, cells swell and may burst; in red cells it is called hemolysis
hypertonic: more salty, cells lose water and shrink; called crenation
Cell aging = damage and death
-free radicals
-enzyme injury
-gene alteration of mutation
-slowing cell activity
-apoptosis (cell death)
Review for Fri.
Chap 1
organization of big to small- chemical, cell, tissue....
ab in 4 or 9 sections
skin: integumentary
metabolism- catabolic, anabolic
inter/extra cellular
+/- feedback group
thorax cavity and the spaces b/w lungs
the cavities of the body
measurement values
Chap 2
structure of atom: proton, neutron, electron and their charges and locations
proton = atomic number
valance = outer shell
element to molecule to compound
water!
ATP is energy currency
mixture, solution, colloid (h20 solute is aqueous)
cation and anion
ionic vs. covalant
electrolytes
acid: H+, base: OH
organic is carbon based
characteristics of enzymes
Chap. 3
organells, p.38 and what they do
membrane
DNA, RNA
protein synth.
m/t/rRNA
mitosis vs. meiosis
p.47 different phases of cell division
active and passive
iso/hypo/hypertonic
ANATOMY
topography names
anterior and posterior triangles
bones in skull
p.236 the tmj and ear relation
SCM-external jugular vein, coratid artery and locations
3 scalens and brancis plexus and artery
masseter: strong primary for massication, it's action
temporalis
superhyoids
digastic
infrahyoids
platysma-integumentary
occipitofrontalis
pterygoids - tmj problems
longus capitis and colli
glossus and intrinsic mm of tongue.
MM facial expression (30)
mimetic mms: express emotion
smile takes 8 mm
frown takes 20 mm
MM of mouth (11) mimetric bilateral
Buccinator:
A: compress cheeks
tighten corner of lips and press cheeks against teeth, blowing up a balloon
Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO)
A: draw corner of mouth inferiorly and laterally- upside down clown smile
Depressor Labii Inferioris
A: depress corner of mouth protruding the lower lip
show bottom teeth
Levator Anguli Oris (LAO)
A: elevate corner of mouth, assist in smile, self confident
Levator Labii Superioris (LLS)
A: elevate and protrude upper lip, show gums (uppers), elvis lip curl
Mentalis (most medial)
A: elevate chin and protrude lower lip, pout then cry
Orbicularis Oris
A: close mouth and shape for speech, sphincter mm, pucker mm
7 primary facial expressions: anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
Platysma...again
Risorius (to laugh)
pulls corners back, flat smile
Zygomaticus Major: genuine smile mm
corner mouth up and laterally. associated with joy, pleasure, laughter
Zygomaticus Minor:
grimace to smile range, elevate and protrudes upper lip
MM of nasal region (3)
Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi (LLSAN)
Flare nostril, elevate and protrude upper lip. look of disgust
Nasalis (2 part: transverse and alar portion)
trans: pull nose down.
alar: flare nostril
Procerus (angry 11?)
express concentration or perplexity. pulls skin b/w eyebrows down
MM of Eyes (2)
Corrugator Supercilii
draws eyebrows medial and inferior. can form wrinkles b/w eyebrows. expresses anger, worry, perplexion. frown
Orbicularis Oculi
sphincter mm.
outer fibers, orbital part, squeezes eyelid together (squinting)
inner fibers, palpebral part, involuntarily close eyelid during blinking and sleeping
Moving your eyeball: 6 mm
MM of scalp (5)
Occipitofrontalis- again
galea aponeurotica
Auricularis muscles
anterior
superior
posterior
theoretically moves the ear
Other structures
arteries, glands, nerves
parotid gland
submandibular gland
common carotid artery
superficial temporal artery
facial nerve
thyroid gland and cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
uvula
c5 most commonly injured in whiplash
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