11-30-11 Wednesday

Phys/Path

Review:
covalant bond is where the atoms share electrons
ionic bond is where atoms give/take electrons. The oppositely charged atoms pull together.

Acid gives H+ (hydrogen) when breaks apart- so, produces hydrogen
Base produces an OH group (hydroxide ion)

pH scale is used to measure acids and bases. 0 being acidic, 7 being neutral, 14 being basic

acid plus base = a salt plus water ex. HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H20

buffers are like sponges for H+ ions


electrolytes, lot are used as buffers, sodium, Cl, potassium

EKG (ECG)- measure electrical of heart
EEG - measure electrical of brain

isotopes have more neutron and have radioactivity (p. 26)

Chemistry of living matter
living matter contains 26 of 92 natural elements
96% of body weight is four elements
4% of body weight is 9 elements
.1% is 13 elements


*** organic compound, where organic means carbon based, are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen***

Macromolecules- carbohydrates, protein, amino acids
Carb- sugars
monosaccharides (simple sugars)
-glucose (body most concerned with this)
disaccharides
polysaccharides
-starch
-glycogen

Lipids - fats
triglycerides
-glycerol (glycerin)
phospholipids
steroids
-cholesterol
-steroid hormones
-sex hormones

Proteins- chains of amino acids
amino acids
enzymes: 1. made from protein, 2. speed up chemical reactions in the body that would take years to do, 3. reduce energy needed for reaction, 4. not used up in reaction, 5. specific- have 1 job to work on, 6. have a shape that brings together or separates substrates in the gap (?), 7. suffix of -ASE like lipase, prodiase, amalase.
-catalysts
-substrates

Chap. 3
Cell is basic unit of life, smaller than cell is not living
cytology is study of cells
microscopes: single, compound, transmission electron, scanning electrons

Organelles p. 38- study

DNA in nucleus


Plasma Membrane (the brain of the cell)
-encloses cell contents
-participates in cell activities
-bilayer shape
-phospholipid bilayer held together with cholesterol and has protein channels. The head of the phospholipids are hydrophilic and the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic.


the nucleus is the largest organelle in the cell
-chromosomes are DNA wound up.

cytoplasm- the jello
cytosol- the liquid part


mitochondria - the power house/ energy cell

Chromosome to Gene to DNA segment to nucleotide


DNA!
Bases are Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) A-T, G-C
sugar (deoxyribose)
double strand
found in nucleus

RNA!
Bases are A,G,C, and urucil (U) A-U, G-C
sugar (ribose)
single strand
found in nucleus or cytoplasm (can leave the 'library')

roles of RNA
mRNA- transcription, actual photocopy, messenger
rRNA- translation, ribosmal, kitchen as in getting made
tRNA- translation, transport, the chef

transcription, make a copy in the nucleus
translation, make the protein in cytoplasm

codan 3 bases (3 letters together)
64 codan and 20 amino acids
amino acids chain gets added to as the code gets read and that makes protein


Cell Division
meiosis-sex cells, 23 chromosomes each, produces 4 cells
mitosis- somatic cells, 46 chromosomes each, produces 2 daughter cells

interphase is normal day to day for cell
mitosis cell is going to divide
-prophase: nuclear membrane disappears, chromosmes visible, centroles begin to separate, there are double the number of chromosomes
-metaphase: centroles on opposite sides of cell, chromosome pairs line up
-anaphase: the pairs are pulled apart
-telophase: membrane pinches forming 2 identical cells

chromosomes go from 46 to 92 to 2 sets of 46 and sex cells divide one more time to 4 sets of 23

movement of substance across plasma membrane depends on:
molecular size
solubility
electrical charge

Passive mvmt (transport) no energy spent
-diffusion: high to low consentration
-osmosis: diffusion but with water
-filtration: size
-facilitates diffusion: need protein channel to go through membrane

typically water follows salt

Active transport (takes energy)
-bulk transport or vesicular transport
-endocytosis out of cell into cell
phagocytosis (soild)
pinocytosis (liquid)
osmosis affects cells
isotonic - cells not affected
hypotonic: less salty, cells swell and may burst; in red cells it is called hemolysis
hypertonic: more salty, cells lose water and shrink; called crenation

Cell aging = damage and death
-free radicals
-enzyme injury
-gene alteration of mutation
-slowing cell activity
-apoptosis (cell death)



Review for Fri.
Chap 1
organization of big to small- chemical, cell, tissue....
ab in 4 or 9 sections
skin: integumentary
metabolism- catabolic, anabolic
inter/extra cellular
+/- feedback group
thorax cavity and the spaces b/w lungs
the cavities of the body
measurement values

Chap 2
structure of atom: proton, neutron, electron and their charges and locations
proton = atomic number
valance = outer shell
element to molecule to compound
water!
ATP is energy currency
mixture, solution, colloid (h20 solute is aqueous)
cation and anion
ionic vs. covalant
electrolytes
acid: H+, base: OH
organic is carbon based
characteristics of enzymes


Chap. 3
organells, p.38 and what they do
membrane
DNA, RNA
protein synth.
m/t/rRNA
mitosis vs. meiosis
p.47 different phases of cell division
active and passive
iso/hypo/hypertonic





ANATOMY

topography names
anterior and posterior triangles
bones in skull
p.236 the tmj and ear relation
SCM-external jugular vein, coratid artery and locations
3 scalens and brancis plexus and artery
masseter: strong primary for massication, it's action
temporalis
superhyoids
digastic
infrahyoids
platysma-integumentary
occipitofrontalis
pterygoids - tmj problems
longus capitis and colli
glossus and intrinsic mm of tongue.

MM facial expression (30)
mimetic mms: express emotion
smile takes 8 mm
frown takes 20 mm

MM of mouth (11) mimetric bilateral

Buccinator:
A: compress cheeks
tighten corner of lips and press cheeks against teeth, blowing up a balloon

Depressor Anguli Oris (DAO)
A: draw corner of mouth inferiorly and laterally- upside down clown smile

Depressor Labii Inferioris
A: depress corner of mouth protruding the lower lip
show bottom teeth

Levator Anguli Oris (LAO)
A: elevate corner of mouth, assist in smile, self confident

Levator Labii Superioris (LLS)
A: elevate and protrude upper lip, show gums (uppers), elvis lip curl

Mentalis (most medial)
A: elevate chin and protrude lower lip, pout then cry

Orbicularis Oris
A: close mouth and shape for speech, sphincter mm, pucker mm


7 primary facial expressions: anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise

Platysma...again

Risorius (to laugh)
pulls corners back, flat smile

Zygomaticus Major: genuine smile mm
corner mouth up and laterally. associated with joy, pleasure, laughter

Zygomaticus Minor:
grimace to smile range, elevate and protrudes upper lip


MM of nasal region (3)

Levator Labii Superioris Alaeque Nasi (LLSAN)
Flare nostril, elevate and protrude upper lip. look of disgust

Nasalis (2 part: transverse and alar portion)
trans: pull nose down.
alar: flare nostril

Procerus (angry 11?)
express concentration or perplexity. pulls skin b/w eyebrows down


MM of Eyes (2)

Corrugator Supercilii
draws eyebrows medial and inferior. can form wrinkles b/w eyebrows. expresses anger, worry, perplexion. frown

Orbicularis Oculi
sphincter mm.
outer fibers, orbital part, squeezes eyelid together (squinting)
inner fibers, palpebral part, involuntarily close eyelid during blinking and sleeping


Moving your eyeball: 6 mm

MM of scalp (5)

Occipitofrontalis- again
galea aponeurotica

Auricularis muscles
anterior
superior
posterior
theoretically moves the ear


Other structures

arteries, glands, nerves
parotid gland
submandibular gland
common carotid artery
superficial temporal artery
facial nerve
thyroid gland and cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
uvula

c5 most commonly injured in whiplash