12-9-11 Friday

SWEDISH M

There was info regarding the written comprehensive, but we got a handout with that stuff on it today so I won't write it out!


PHYS/PATH

for the test, focus on physiology over pathology

learn the prefix and suffix/ roots words. It'll help
ex. cyst: hollow organ
brady: slow


Infectious Agent: what can make you sick

1. Prions

-no DNA or RNA
-grow within CNS (central nervous system
-spread through eating brain of animal. ex- BSE (mad cow disease), Kuru (only in New Guinea)

2. Viruses

-packet DNA/RNA
-reprogram target cell to produce virus
-infected cell rupture, release viral copies
-cannot replicate outside of host
-many disintegrate outside host
-some are stable, especially herpes simplex, hep. B ...

3. Bacteria

-single cell microorganism
-can survive outside host
-not all pathogenic (bad); some good
-pathogenic bacteria attack cells, release toxic waste that damage cells
-antibiotics interfere with bacteria reproduction (slow growing less responsive)
-some bacteria have spore; tough waxy coat to protect bact.
TYPES OF BACTERIA
-cocci: spherical
-dipolcocci: 2
-staphylocci:
-streptococci: associated with systemic infection
-bacilli: elongated and rod shaped (spore form likely)
-spirochates: spiral
-microplasma: very tiny


4. Fungi

-yeasts and molds
-internal : assoc. with imbalance between yeast and bact.
-external : skin infection

5. Animal Parasites

-single cell or multicellular organism
-live in or on host
-can be vector for other diseases
-protozoa
-helminths and roundworm
-arthropods (head lice, mites)
-others (mosquitoes, tick, flea, dont' live on or in host but can spread disease)


know the definitions of these hygienic practices:
-antisepsis
-disinfect
-sterilization
-plain soap
-antimicrobial soap
-detergent
-alcohol based hand rub
-universal/standard precautions


Handwashing
work to preserve lipid layer,skin health
transit bact: superficial easy to remove
resident bact: deep, hard
30 sec. hand wash, liquid over bar soap
alcohol based: fast, doesn't remove dirt, moisturizing is important
take care of nails
care of surfaces: nothing one client touches directly/indirectly touches another client.
laundering, if bleach, thoroughly rinse.

Inflammatory process
-response to tissue damage or threat of invasion by antiagent
triggered by: physical trauma, invasion with foreign bodies, hormonal changes, autoimmune activity.

purpose:
-protect from pathogenic invasion
-limit range of contamination
-prepare damaged area for healing

Outcomes
-complete resolution with no scar tissue
-accumulation of scar tissue
-formation of cysts/abscesses
-chronic inflammation

Components of inflammation, vascular activity
1-vasoconstriction
protective response, short lived
2-vasodialation
chem. released by damaged endothelium and mast cells
increase permeability of capillaries
reinforce capillaries dilation
attract platelets
slow blood flow away from area
may last several minutes to hours to days

Components of inflammation, cellular activity
-many cells recruited to manage tissue dem. and contaminate risk with injury
-endothelial cells:
-release chem. to activate platelets, allow white blood cell to migrate out of capillaries
-proliferate to grow new capillary ---- in later stage
-platelets: become jagged and sticky, bond with plasma protein


White blood cell- several types
1. Granulocytes: smallest, fastest
-Neutrophilis first on scene for bact., infection, musculoskeletal injury
-Eosinophils: allergies and parasites
-Basophils: allergies, histamines releases

2. Mast Cells
-tissue vulnerable to injury
-release histamine to prolong inflammatory response

3. Monocytes and Macrophages (clean up crew)
-monocytes: large, mobile WBC
-can become permanently fixed macrophanges

4. Lymphocytes
-work with macrophytes to clean up debris; promote scar tissue, angiogenesis

5. Fibroblasts
-produce collagen, extracellular matrix (forming scar tissue)
-dran to local blood clots, may proliferate to form more scar tissue


Chemical mediators
-many sources of chem. mediators help coordinate cellular activity in plasma, mast cells ect.

stages of healing:
Acute
-damaged cells release chem
-edema develops
-platelets, early white bc arrive
-tissue exudate begins to form
-time, depends but 1-3days

Subacute (proliferative)
-cells accum. to fill damage area
-endothelial cell grow new capillary
-fibroblasts create collagen fibers
-slower white bc arrive to start clean up
-2-3 wks

Post acute (maturation)
-collagen denser: align according to force
Chronic inflammation
-pathogen/irratant not removed
-immune system continue to attack tissue
-mmskel. structure never regain fully

complications
-cyst, abscesses
-fistulas, sinuses
-tendinosis
-keloid scar

Signs/symp
pain, heat, redness, swelling, loss of function
dolor= pain
calor= heat
rubor= redness
tumor= swelling
functio laesa= loss of funct.


Chapter 2 Wer.- skin/ integumentary system

function
-insides from falling out
-protection
-homeostasis
-sensory envelope
-absorption

no massage over breaks in skin

lesion --- many kinds

Boils: local staphylococcal (staph) infection also called furuncles
-etiology:
a. staph A infect at sebaceous gland, hair shafts, or site of injury
b. staph A is aggressive, resistant, adaptalble (MRSA = methuillon-resistent staphylococcus aureas?)
c. most common at axilla, groin (hidrodenitis)
d. at buttocks- pilonidal cyst

signs and symptoms:
-large, obvious, painful infection, usually one at a time or small clusters; over larger area called folliculitis
-starts as hard red/pin bump, develops center of pus, may rupture, may penetrate deep layer of skin, can scar

treatment:
-antibiotic ointment, hot compress
-lance, drain boil
-oral too slow
-don't squeeze or pop

Prevention:
-don't share things- razor, towel
-observe hygienic pract.

M.:
not on site


Cellulitis: streptococcal (strep) infection of skin
-strep A: strep throat, impetigo, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fascilitis, other .

etiology:
-strep gain access; portal of entry
-not always obvious
-toxins corrosive to cells

S&S:
-skin infection
-tender, red, swollen
-streaking toward lymph nodes
-face: rash across nose
-erysipdlas

Tx:
aggressive antibiotics

M:
no