12-7-11 Wednesday

PHYS/PATH

back to dense connective tissue
Types
1. irregular: mostly collagen fibers in all different directions/random arrangements (ex. membranes, capsules, skin, fascia)
2. regular: mostly collagenous fibers in parallel alignment (ex. ligament, tendon. lined up in 1 direction with force in one direction)
3. elastic: elastic fibers (ex. vocal cords, blood vessel walls. rubber band)

collagen - protein

cartilage
-hyaline cartilage: ex. end of nose, trachea, end of long bone
-fibrocartilage: disc b/w vertebrae, knee jt, pubis symphasis)
-elastic: wind pipe, ears

chondrocytes: cless making protein for cartilage

Bone, or osseous, bone marrow
osteocytes: bone cells
osteoclast: break down of bone cells
fibrocytes: build cells in protein? making collagen


Muscle tissue- 3 types

1. Skeletal mm
-voluntary control
-striated
-long and thin

2.Cardiac mm (myocardium)
-involuntary
-intercolated disks (collagen that holds these cells together)
-short and fat fibers
-partially striated

3. Smooth mm (visceral)
-involuntary
-no intercalated disk
-no striation


Nervous System
-brain
-nerves
-spinal cord

Brain
-gray matter
-white matter: myelin coating covers axon

Ok, Dr. Lou drew a picture of a weird hand face thing that was supposed to be a nerve and the basic information I think I got out of it was this:
nerves only work in one direction and here is one of those directions:
stimuli occurs, then diedrites take info to the cell body, then the axon takes the info away from the cell body.

a nerve is a bunch of neurons
glial cells: protect the brain and axons
neuroglia: supporting nerves to do what they do, like an agent or manager


Membranes
-thin sheets of tissue, cover surface, divider, line hollow organ/body cavities, anchor organ, contain cells that secrete lubricants

Epithelial membrane (several types)

1. serous: slippery ones
2. mucous: produce mucus- mouth, nose, digestive tract
3. cutaneous: skin

Serous membrane (3 types)
a. pleurae: around lungs
b. serous pericardium: around heart
c. peritaneum: around abdominal organs and cavity

organization
-parietal layer: lining body cavity
-visceral layer: in contact with organs

Mucous Membrane
-vary in structure and function
-trap and remove foreign particles
-protect deeper tissue
-absorb food materials

Connective tissue
w/o epithilium

-synovial membrane
-meninges: around spinal cord and brain for protection

Fibrous bonds or sheets support and hold organs
-superficial (subcutaneous) fascia
-deep fascia

Membrane support organs
-fibrous pericardium
-periosteum
-perichondrium

Tissue and aging:
loss elasticity
skin
blood vessels
tendons and lig
bone
mm



Chapter 5 Skin and associated structure form integumentary system


Struct of skin
3 layers

1.epidermis (stratifed squemous)
2.Dermis: blood vessels, nerve endings, gland, dense irregular connective tissue
3.Subcutaneous: (hypodermis) adipose tissue, bigger vessels

(other things I have in margin: stratum basale cuboidal, dermal papills give finger prints)


Epidermis:
-top layer (germinativum)
-statum basale - cuboidal, base layer of epidermis
-stratum corneum- the very top layer of the top layer
keratin seems to be important; not sure what it is yet
langerhans are like cookie monster for debris
p.72 melanocytes

Dermis: has
-blood vessels
-nerves
-sweat gland
-oil gland
-hair
-dermal papillae

Subcutaneous layer
-loose connective tissue
-adipose
-blood vessels
-nerves and nerve ending

Accessory Structures

Sebaceous glands
-next to hair folical
-sebum: lubricates (through skin)
-vernix caseosa: white stuff on babies
-eye lubrication: tears

Sudoriferous (sweat) gland
-location: dermis and subcutaneous
-eccrine type sweat glands (mostly)
-apocrine (armpits)
-ceruminous gland (ear canal)
-ciliary (eye lid)
-mammary (breast/milk producing)

Hair
-composed mainly keratin and is not living
-hair follicles
-melanocytes - gives color
-arrector pili mm

Nail
-made of keratin produced by cells that originate in the outer layer of epidermis
-nail root
-nail plate
-nail bed
-lunula
-cuticle


Function of skin (4 major ones)
-protection against infection
-protection against dehydration (drying out)
-regulation of body temp
-collection of sensory info


pacinian corpuscle: feels pressure (deep pressure)
meisner corpuscle: feels touch, vibration

Protection against infection
-intact skin forms primary barrier against invasion
-interlocking pattern resists penetration
-shedding removes bad things
-protects against bacterial toxin
-protects against some harmful environmental chemical

Protects against dehydration
-prevent evaporation
-keratin in epidermis
-sebum release from the sebaceous gland

Reg. body temp
-loss excess heat and protection from cold are important
-function of skin
-constriction of blood vessels
-dilation of blood vessels
-evaporation of perspiration

Collection of Sensory info
-free nerve endings
-touch receptors (meisner corpuscle)
-deep pressure receptor (pacinian corpuscle)

Other activities of the skin
-absorption - meds
-excretion of water, electrolyts, wastes
-manufacture of vitamin D

Skin color
-amount of pigment in epidermis
-*melanin
-*carotene
-blood in surface blood vessels
-composition of blood: oxygen, hemoglobin, other chemicals

Aging of integumentary
-skin
-tissue
-pigment
-hair
-sweat gland
-circulation
-fingernails and toes

Care of skin
-proper nutrition
-adequate circulation?
-regular cleansing: removes dirt and dead skin, sustains slighty acid environment to inhibit bacteria
-protect sunlight: exposure to UV light causes genetic mutation in skin that can lead to cancer, cause premature aging