PHYS/PATH
Blood types: A,B,AB,O
AB is universal recipient, O is universal donor
Rh factor, if you have it you're positive, if you don't, you're negative
Mom with Rh- and baby with Rh+ can lead to Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN)
uses of blood-last 35 days in blood bank
transfusion
hemopheresis
plasmapheresis
use plasma: replace blood volume, replace clotting factor
hematocrit: normal, anemia, poly c_____
hemaglobin: carries o2
blood cell count, smear, CBC complete blood count
also a blood chemistry test
coagulation studies- bleed time, clot time
bone marrow biopsy, ouch
CHAPT 13- THE HEART
heart, pumps and valves, circulation
location b/w lungs, left side, tilted left, T5-T6 apex, media stinum?
structure 3 layers
endocardium: lines heart interior
myocardium: thickest layer, heart mm
epicardium: thin outmost layer
Pericardium: protective bag around heart, symbol is dog (protector)
Fibrous pericardium holds heart in place
Serous membrane: parietal layer: body cavity side?
pericardial cavity: in between
visceral layer (epicardium): heart side
Myocardium
lightly striated
single nucleous
involuntary
*p.247
4 chambers of heart: R,L atrium; R,L ventricle
4 valves: atrioventriculart valve; tricuspid, mitral/bicuspid.
semilaunar valves
Blood supply to myocardium
coronary circulation
R coronary, Left, coronary sinus
cardiac output; CO=HR 3 SV
Heart conduction system
electrical energy stimulates heart mm
nodes:
-sinoatrial (SA) node (pacemaker): right atrium, generates action potentials
-atrioventricular (AV) nodes
Specialised fibers
-atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
-Parkinje fibers (conduction myofibers)
Intercalated disk
Conduction pathway
control heart rate
-autonomic nerve system (ANS)
sympathetic nerv..
parasympathetic
-cranial nerve X vagus
Bradycardia: slow bpm
tachycardia: fast bpm
sinus arrhythmia: an occasional extra beat, normal on occasion
premature beat (extrasystole)
systolic/systole: pressure with the beat
diastolic/diastole: pressure with rest
sounds: lub, dup, murmurs (extra noises)-organic, functional
in elderly: shrink, decrease strength, damage, blockage
factors: smoking, diet, weight, diabetes, gout
stethoscope, ECG, EKG, cath, echo
p.247: chordae tendinease, papillary mm
foramen oval?: closes with first breath
CHAPTER 14
Vascular system: closed system
blood vessels, 4 heart chambers
arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
Circuits- 2 groups
Pulmonary
-pulmonary artery and its branches
-capilleries in lungs
-pulmonary vein
Systemic circuit
-aorta
-systemic capillary
-systemic vein
Vessel struct.
3 tunic (coats) of artery and vein
Inner (endothelium) tunic
Middle (smooth involuntary mm) tunic
-controlled by ANS
-thinner in veins
Outer (supporting connective tissue)tunic
capillaries are simple squamous
Systemic Arteries
*aorta: largest artery, receives blood form L ventricle, branches to all organs
ascending aorta-coming up out of heart
aortic arch-bend to go down
thoracic aorta-chest
abdominal aorta- below diaphragm
-cleiac trunk
-superior/inferior mesenteric
-paired lateral branches
Iliac arteries
*anastomoses- communication b/w 2 vessels
**circle of Willis
superficial palmar arch
mesenteric
arterial
*middle cerebral artery most common in stroke
Systemic veins
-superficial veins
cephalic, etc.
saphenous vein
-Deep veins
femoral and iliac, brachial, axillary subclavian .....
superior/inferior vena cava
azygos vein-chest wall
*hepatic portal system: carries blood from ab organs to liver
capillary exchange
diffusion (main process)
bp-moves material into tissue fluid
osmotic- move material into cap.
hydrostatic pressure: push fluid out of capillary
oncotic(osmotic) pressure: water (fluid) back in capillary bed
Nervous system in brain
medulla regulates vasomotor activity
vasodialation/constriction
precapillary sphincter
return blood: contraction of skel. mm, valves, breathing
Pulse: ventricules contract, recoil. Body size, age, activity, emotional state
BP: force on vessel wall: increase bp can cause damage. thickness also determines pressure
Resistance blood flow
peripheral resistance is affected by:
-vasomotor changes
-baroreceptors in large arteries (pressure recept)
-elasticity of blood vessel
-viscosity , total blood volume
BPM-sphygmomanometer: bp cuff
systolic pressure: contraction 120mmHg normal
diastolic: relax 80mmHg normal
Tuesday, January 31, 2012
1-27-12 Friday
PHYS/PATH
Acromegaly: too much GH, get too big.
can happen in kids is called gigantism, adults it is acromegaly
affects flat bones more, big forehead and jaw
shorter life- Andre the Giant
GH also release insulin like growth factor (IGF-I[one]) (somatomedin C)
problems with heart-careful with massage
Addison Disease: not enough adrenal H.; not enough aldosteral- balance o f electrolytes/ help absorb sodium
not absorbing water because not enough aldosteral
low cortisol too, adrojenic H.
tumors can be a cause
70% of the time it's autoimmune
tuberculosis
Primary Addison's is with the adrenals
Secondary Addison's is decreased anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH (too much makes people look too tan/orange)
Tertiary Addison's is problem with hypothalamus
-cortisol depletion-- weak mm, fatigue, decreased bp, hypoglycemia, irritability, depression, hyperpigmentation,
tend to be thin due to electrolyte imbalance; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Addisonia crisis: sudden onset of extreme symptoms if these come on real quick they can die
Die without adrenal H.
M-bp concern
Cushing Syndrome (opposite Addison's): too much adrenal H.; hyypercortisolism
exogennous-external source (Cushing's syndrome)- from meds, cortisol-based steriodes
endogenous (Cushing's disease)-- body is doing it-autoimmune; too much ACTH
--pituitary adenoma- benign tumor W>M
--eptopic ACTH- secreted outside of pituitary M>W
S&S: cortisol breads down body producing: weak lig, fatty deposits neck, face, abs, upperback, bone thinning, purple stretch marks, hirutism: hair growth
M risks: increase bp, delicate skin, bone, compromised immunity
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1: autoimmune reaction; islets of Langerhans (can't grow back) killed off?
can't produce insulin (dependent)
Type 2: dietary; $132 bill/yr = 11% of health care
some genetic and social aspects involved
insulin (key to get in cells) in short supply
insulin resistant
either way glucose accumulates in blood cells
Type 1: autoimmune or complication of infection, exposure to drugs or chemical
Type 2: 90% obese, diet, exercise; can wear and tear pancreas causing decrease insulin production
gestational diabetes - with pregnancy and can become type 2
**S&S: 3Ps:
-Polyuria: pee a lot more; sweet pee; water follows sugar and salt
-polydipsia: increase thirst do to lots of peeing
-Polyphagia: increase hunger
fatigue, wight loss, etc.
ketoacidosis: fruity breath, type 1 only,
metabolism of fat and protein = ketomes, acidosis which leads to convulsions
triggered by stress, infection, trauma
leads to shock, coma, death
Hyperosmolality: insulin shock
Complications: cardiovascular, edema, kidney (**number 1 cause of renal failure), impaired vision, endothelium, ulcers, gangrene, amputation, neuropathy at cranial nerves
HgbA1C (hemoglobin) 80-90 is great blood sugar reading
Tx: type 1: insulin supplementation
type 2: diet, exercise, the meds and insulin
Hyperthyroidism: thyroid produces excessive hormones that stimulate metabolism of ___into energy
Graves- autoimmune and most common (70-80%); goiter(thyroid grows), excess thyroxine
w>m, can see other autoimmune
Graves, lupus, type1
inflammation of thyroid
nodules on thyroid
S&S: can't sleep, hot, diarrhea, increase heartbeat, brittle nails, bones are osteoporosis, eyes are exophthalmus? bulging out looking
Hypothyroidism: decrease thyroid production
Hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune, high TSH, T4 low, T3 normal
factors: complication with hyperthroid, birth defect, postpardum, meds, radiation, Iodine deficiency
S&S: metabolism decrease, weight gain, fatigue, depression, sluggish, digestion, intolerant to cold
edema-swell carpal tunnel
goiter
hair loss at lateral eyebrow
heavy menses
increase risk heart disease
Metabolic syndrome: aka syndrome X, on way to type 2 or heart disease; Pre-diabetes
S&S: central obesity, increase bp, increase fasting glucose, increase triglyceride
limit alcohol
Thyroid Cancer:
papillary thyroid cancer- 70-80% of cases, stays near thyroid
follicular thyroid cancer- 10%, goes other places too
respect the cancer
Tx; remove thyroid
CHAPTER 12 - BLOOD
circulating blood
important in maintaining homeostasis
classified as connective tissue
8% of body weight
Function
Transportation: (gases, nutrients, waste) carries O2 to tissues, carries CO2, hormones, ...
Regulations: pH levels 7.35-7.45, substance maintain osmotic/oncotic pressure (pull waste in veins, and regulation of heat
Protection: disease, blood loss- cells and antibodies of immune system, carries factors to protect blood loss
Blood constituents
Plasma: liquid portion (salty)
**Formed elements:
-erythrocytes: rbc, no organelles, lots of hemoglobins
-leukocytes: wbc
-platelets (thrombocytes): tiny things help with clotting; pieces of a meagcarrior cell
Plasma: 91% water, 8% protein: albumin, clotting fact, antibodies, complement; and 1% other: glucose, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes, ...
Plasms = serum + clotting factors
Formed elements- produced in red bone marrow
-hematopietic (making blood) stem cells
can develop into any bc
short lived 3months
rbc are about 7micrometers
Erythrocytes:
RBC, most numerous
biconcave shape, mature cells anuclear
contain hemoglobin
-binds to o2 for transport
-carries hydrogen ions for buffering
-carries co2 for elimination
Leukocytes: WBC, colorless, round, 2 goups:
-Granulocytes (shotgun guys)
neutrophils (polymorphs) should have more of these
eosinophis: seen with parasites or allergies
basophils: high number can mean cancer
-Agranulocytes (gobble things up)
lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells
monocytes: gobble things up
Platelets: blood coagulation
meagkaryocytes fragments
Hemostasis
Bloodclotting: needs calcium
fibrinogen converts into fibrin
procoags
anticoags
serum is fluid left over after blotting takes place
Blood types, must be compatible; protein
Acromegaly: too much GH, get too big.
can happen in kids is called gigantism, adults it is acromegaly
affects flat bones more, big forehead and jaw
shorter life- Andre the Giant
GH also release insulin like growth factor (IGF-I[one]) (somatomedin C)
problems with heart-careful with massage
Addison Disease: not enough adrenal H.; not enough aldosteral- balance o f electrolytes/ help absorb sodium
not absorbing water because not enough aldosteral
low cortisol too, adrojenic H.
tumors can be a cause
70% of the time it's autoimmune
tuberculosis
Primary Addison's is with the adrenals
Secondary Addison's is decreased anterior pituitary secretion of ACTH (too much makes people look too tan/orange)
Tertiary Addison's is problem with hypothalamus
-cortisol depletion-- weak mm, fatigue, decreased bp, hypoglycemia, irritability, depression, hyperpigmentation,
tend to be thin due to electrolyte imbalance; nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
Addisonia crisis: sudden onset of extreme symptoms if these come on real quick they can die
Die without adrenal H.
M-bp concern
Cushing Syndrome (opposite Addison's): too much adrenal H.; hyypercortisolism
exogennous-external source (Cushing's syndrome)- from meds, cortisol-based steriodes
endogenous (Cushing's disease)-- body is doing it-autoimmune; too much ACTH
--pituitary adenoma- benign tumor W>M
--eptopic ACTH- secreted outside of pituitary M>W
S&S: cortisol breads down body producing: weak lig, fatty deposits neck, face, abs, upperback, bone thinning, purple stretch marks, hirutism: hair growth
M risks: increase bp, delicate skin, bone, compromised immunity
Diabetes Mellitus
Type 1: autoimmune reaction; islets of Langerhans (can't grow back) killed off?
can't produce insulin (dependent)
Type 2: dietary; $132 bill/yr = 11% of health care
some genetic and social aspects involved
insulin (key to get in cells) in short supply
insulin resistant
either way glucose accumulates in blood cells
Type 1: autoimmune or complication of infection, exposure to drugs or chemical
Type 2: 90% obese, diet, exercise; can wear and tear pancreas causing decrease insulin production
gestational diabetes - with pregnancy and can become type 2
**S&S: 3Ps:
-Polyuria: pee a lot more; sweet pee; water follows sugar and salt
-polydipsia: increase thirst do to lots of peeing
-Polyphagia: increase hunger
fatigue, wight loss, etc.
ketoacidosis: fruity breath, type 1 only,
metabolism of fat and protein = ketomes, acidosis which leads to convulsions
triggered by stress, infection, trauma
leads to shock, coma, death
Hyperosmolality: insulin shock
Complications: cardiovascular, edema, kidney (**number 1 cause of renal failure), impaired vision, endothelium, ulcers, gangrene, amputation, neuropathy at cranial nerves
HgbA1C (hemoglobin) 80-90 is great blood sugar reading
Tx: type 1: insulin supplementation
type 2: diet, exercise, the meds and insulin
Hyperthyroidism: thyroid produces excessive hormones that stimulate metabolism of ___into energy
Graves- autoimmune and most common (70-80%); goiter(thyroid grows), excess thyroxine
w>m, can see other autoimmune
Graves, lupus, type1
inflammation of thyroid
nodules on thyroid
S&S: can't sleep, hot, diarrhea, increase heartbeat, brittle nails, bones are osteoporosis, eyes are exophthalmus? bulging out looking
Hypothyroidism: decrease thyroid production
Hashimoto thyroiditis
autoimmune, high TSH, T4 low, T3 normal
factors: complication with hyperthroid, birth defect, postpardum, meds, radiation, Iodine deficiency
S&S: metabolism decrease, weight gain, fatigue, depression, sluggish, digestion, intolerant to cold
edema-swell carpal tunnel
goiter
hair loss at lateral eyebrow
heavy menses
increase risk heart disease
Metabolic syndrome: aka syndrome X, on way to type 2 or heart disease; Pre-diabetes
S&S: central obesity, increase bp, increase fasting glucose, increase triglyceride
limit alcohol
Thyroid Cancer:
papillary thyroid cancer- 70-80% of cases, stays near thyroid
follicular thyroid cancer- 10%, goes other places too
respect the cancer
Tx; remove thyroid
CHAPTER 12 - BLOOD
circulating blood
important in maintaining homeostasis
classified as connective tissue
8% of body weight
Function
Transportation: (gases, nutrients, waste) carries O2 to tissues, carries CO2, hormones, ...
Regulations: pH levels 7.35-7.45, substance maintain osmotic/oncotic pressure (pull waste in veins, and regulation of heat
Protection: disease, blood loss- cells and antibodies of immune system, carries factors to protect blood loss
Blood constituents
Plasma: liquid portion (salty)
**Formed elements:
-erythrocytes: rbc, no organelles, lots of hemoglobins
-leukocytes: wbc
-platelets (thrombocytes): tiny things help with clotting; pieces of a meagcarrior cell
Plasma: 91% water, 8% protein: albumin, clotting fact, antibodies, complement; and 1% other: glucose, amino acids, lipids, electrolytes, ...
Plasms = serum + clotting factors
Formed elements- produced in red bone marrow
-hematopietic (making blood) stem cells
can develop into any bc
short lived 3months
rbc are about 7micrometers
Erythrocytes:
RBC, most numerous
biconcave shape, mature cells anuclear
contain hemoglobin
-binds to o2 for transport
-carries hydrogen ions for buffering
-carries co2 for elimination
Leukocytes: WBC, colorless, round, 2 goups:
-Granulocytes (shotgun guys)
neutrophils (polymorphs) should have more of these
eosinophis: seen with parasites or allergies
basophils: high number can mean cancer
-Agranulocytes (gobble things up)
lymphocytes: B-cells and T-cells
monocytes: gobble things up
Platelets: blood coagulation
meagkaryocytes fragments
Hemostasis
Bloodclotting: needs calcium
fibrinogen converts into fibrin
procoags
anticoags
serum is fluid left over after blotting takes place
Blood types, must be compatible; protein
Thursday, January 26, 2012
1-25-12 Wednesday
MFR
Quiz on Fri.:
3 questions regarding pelvic stabilisation; long/short leg and what to do
assess assess and reassess
3 techniques with people who have siatic/pseuosiatic, LB issues
3 joints of Illium/pelvis (pubic sympysis and 2 SI)
psoas shorten/lengthen with internal rotation of femur?
unwinding with diaphragm- 50/50 lead follow, guiding ...
basics of cross hand release- time, location
4 different qualities of ground substance.
ETHICS
finish reading notes
Homework (still looks long . . . ugh)
quiz??? i don't remember
PHYS/PATH
Review of what we went over on Monday
Quiz on Fri.:
3 questions regarding pelvic stabilisation; long/short leg and what to do
assess assess and reassess
3 techniques with people who have siatic/pseuosiatic, LB issues
3 joints of Illium/pelvis (pubic sympysis and 2 SI)
psoas shorten/lengthen with internal rotation of femur?
unwinding with diaphragm- 50/50 lead follow, guiding ...
basics of cross hand release- time, location
4 different qualities of ground substance.
ETHICS
finish reading notes
Homework (still looks long . . . ugh)
quiz??? i don't remember
PHYS/PATH
Review of what we went over on Monday
Tuesday, January 24, 2012
1-23-12 Monday
Plantar fasciitis: pain, bould be inflammatory (diet/adreanal) or degenerative in foot
men=women, 2 mil/yr., runners (shoes)
aggravate: overweight, flat feet, bad/worn shoes, hypertonic calf mm,
secondary: gout, diabetes, FA
Tx: orthotics, massage, etc
Scleroderma: basically things are hardening up; autoimmune-production abnormal amounts of collagen
skin, hard skin, other tissues hard too
esophagus doesn't close leads to stomach acid easy to get out
women over men
lots of collagen (type 3) laid down (scar tissue)
local scleroderma-skin hard
systemic, blood vessels, skin, heart, jts, evertything
S&S: ***CREST syndrome
C-calciniosis: calcium deposits in skin
R-Raynaud phenomenon
E- Esophageal dysmotility
S- sclerodactyly- hard fingers
T-terangiectasia- spider veins
systemic (like RA, ) sjogren syndrome: dry up
Tx: drugs/meds, manage, immune suppressant
M: be careful of circulatory system/kidney
Tendinopathies: injury/damage to tendons
intrinsic: overuse, poor flexibility, underlying disease, direct force
extrinsic: training
S&S: looks like mm strain, pain resisted contraction
Tx; anti inflams, rice, stretch
m: respect acute injury
Tenosynovitis: tendon pass through synovial sheath becomes irritated/inflamed
at thumb type of de Quervain ??
S&S: pain, swell, heat, crepitas
Tx: anti symptoms
Whiplash: strain sprain neck
MVA and other injuries
20mph has amplified effect---12g
get checked out
jts, disks, subluxatoin vertebrae, TMJ, nerves, wholee body
radicular pain, pain in other areas
Tx: neck collar as short as possible, mm relaxants, anti inflam
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: entrapment median nerve; symptom in hand
10% adults at sometime
women 3:1
nerve, artery
S&S: pain, numb, pins and needles, thenar atrophy, sleep position,
diabetes, RA, others
diag: Tinel test, Phalen maneuver
Disc Disease: problems with nucleus palposus (inside disc), or annulus fibrosis (outer part of disc)
herniated, bulge, protrusion, rupture ....
complications: spinal cord compression, cauda equina syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis: sutoimmune, destructino of receptor site at NMJ
women in their 20s and men in 50s
testing/diag: mm fatigue with eyes blinking; all mm fatigue easily
can affect arms, legs, respiratory
Tx: surgery and stuff
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial plexus impingment
anterior/middle scalene, coracoid, pec minor, clavicle and 1st rib, lung cancer
Test things
bones, three cells, osteoblast,clast,cytes and funct
basic unit of bone, osteons, havershian systems, compact,supongy, diaphysis,epiphysis parts
know the bones. little with origin and insertion of stuff
mm physiology, sacromere, thinck and thin filliments, calcium role---the whole operation of contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum, no ATP=rigamortis
myofiber/cell and myofibrill, three types of tissue mm: smooth,cardiac, skel.
conditions: fibromyalgia, women, tenderpoints fatigue
osteroporosis, decrease calcium, weak bones
isotonic and isometric
what do you do with pathology
akylosing spondylosis
ajogrens
RA vs. osteroarthritis, DIP PIP
carrpal tunnel
whiplash
osgood schlater
Chapter 11 the Endocrine system; glands and hormones
Endocrine system: coordinates all other body systems, works with nervous system
endocrine glands: produce hormone into blood
adrenal gland get most blood supply?
Hormones (abbreviated H for ease): chemical messengers with regulatory effect on cells or organs
release directly into tissue/not ducts
affect many tissue
growth, thyroid H., insulin (blood sugar)
Affect specific tissue
thyroid stimulating H. (TSH) stim thyroid to work
adrenocortinotropic H (ACTH): stim adrenal glands
Hormone Chemistry
-amino acid compound
proteins of related compounds
all hormones except steroids
-lipids
most are steroids, from cholesterol
produced in adrenal cortex and sex gland
prostaglandings are also lipids
order
pineal gland: carcadin rhythm setter; melatonin, cortisol?
hypothalamus: monitoring blood
pituitary: produce TSH, ACTH
thyroid: T4 and T3 stuff?
ovaries/testes
adrenals
Hormone regulation
most negative feedback
some post. feedback
rhythmic pattern
brain, digestive organs, kidney also produce hormones
****p.210 and 211***
Pituitary (hypophysis) gland
*master gland
release H that affect working of other glands
controlled by hypothalamus
2 H from posterior pituitary (only stores them)
both made in hypothalamus: oxytocin and ADH- anti diarehtic H (pee less)
Control of Pituitary
Hypothalamus
-sends releasing H (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH)
-produces antidiuretic H (ADH) and oxytocin
Hormones of Anterior lobe
growth H (GH) or somatotropin
thyroid stim H (TSH) or thyro____
ACTH
prolactin (PRL)
gonadotrpins: follick stim (FSH) and ____ (LH)
Posterior lobe
stores ADH and oxytocin
Thyroid gland- largest endocrine gland
lateral lobes on either side of larynx
Hormones of thyroid (speed things up)
thyroxine (T4)
principle H
increase energy and protein metabolism rate
triiodothyronine (T3)
increase energy and protein metabolism rate
calcitonin (red-headed step child)
reg. calcium metabolism
works with parathyroid H and vit D
Parathyroid gland (back of thyroid gland)
4 gland in posterior capsule of thyroid
secrete parathyroid H (PTH)
works with calcitonin to reg calcium meta.
Calcium metabolism
calc. balance requires:
calcitriol (dihydroxycholecalciterol) - produced by modifying vit D in liver than in kidney
parathyroid H
Calcitonin
Adrenal Gland
2 small glands on top of kidneys
each with 2 parts that act as separate glands
medulla- adrenalin/norepinephrine
cortex- cortisol, DHDA?, progesteron, etc. (longer lasting H)
vit C big co-factor
H. from
adrenal cortex:
glucucorticoids- cortisol (increase glucose levels in blood) or hydrocortisone
mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
sex hormones
Panreas and __ H.
islets of Langerhans* are specialised pancreas cells that secrete:
-insulin (gets sugar inside cells), decrease blood sugar, stim manufacture amino acids into protein
-glucagon- increase blood sugar
Sex glands
ovaries/testes produce H. to develop sexual characteristics, maintain reproductive organs
men=testosterone
women=estrogen, progesteron
Thymus gland- T cells
mass of lymphoid tissue in upper chest superior heart
important in development of immunity
produces thymosin- assist in maturity of T lymphocytes
Pineal Gland- cone shaped, posterior mid brain
produce melatonin
influence sleep/wake cycle
appears to delay onset of puberty
Other H. producing tissue
stomach, small intestine, kidney, brain, atria of heart, placenta
prostaglanding- group H. made by most body tissue
-produced, act, and rapid inactivited in or close to origin?
-constrict struct
-dilate struct
-promote inflammation
H. and Tx
-synthetics or animal replacements
H. Stress
stress response involves nervous and endocrine system.
H. release during stress help body cope
unchecked levels of H. can harm body
Aging
pancreas- adult onset diabetes
...
men=women, 2 mil/yr., runners (shoes)
aggravate: overweight, flat feet, bad/worn shoes, hypertonic calf mm,
secondary: gout, diabetes, FA
Tx: orthotics, massage, etc
Scleroderma: basically things are hardening up; autoimmune-production abnormal amounts of collagen
skin, hard skin, other tissues hard too
esophagus doesn't close leads to stomach acid easy to get out
women over men
lots of collagen (type 3) laid down (scar tissue)
local scleroderma-skin hard
systemic, blood vessels, skin, heart, jts, evertything
S&S: ***CREST syndrome
C-calciniosis: calcium deposits in skin
R-Raynaud phenomenon
E- Esophageal dysmotility
S- sclerodactyly- hard fingers
T-terangiectasia- spider veins
systemic (like RA, ) sjogren syndrome: dry up
Tx: drugs/meds, manage, immune suppressant
M: be careful of circulatory system/kidney
Tendinopathies: injury/damage to tendons
intrinsic: overuse, poor flexibility, underlying disease, direct force
extrinsic: training
S&S: looks like mm strain, pain resisted contraction
Tx; anti inflams, rice, stretch
m: respect acute injury
Tenosynovitis: tendon pass through synovial sheath becomes irritated/inflamed
at thumb type of de Quervain ??
S&S: pain, swell, heat, crepitas
Tx: anti symptoms
Whiplash: strain sprain neck
MVA and other injuries
20mph has amplified effect---12g
get checked out
jts, disks, subluxatoin vertebrae, TMJ, nerves, wholee body
radicular pain, pain in other areas
Tx: neck collar as short as possible, mm relaxants, anti inflam
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: entrapment median nerve; symptom in hand
10% adults at sometime
women 3:1
nerve, artery
S&S: pain, numb, pins and needles, thenar atrophy, sleep position,
diabetes, RA, others
diag: Tinel test, Phalen maneuver
Disc Disease: problems with nucleus palposus (inside disc), or annulus fibrosis (outer part of disc)
herniated, bulge, protrusion, rupture ....
complications: spinal cord compression, cauda equina syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis: sutoimmune, destructino of receptor site at NMJ
women in their 20s and men in 50s
testing/diag: mm fatigue with eyes blinking; all mm fatigue easily
can affect arms, legs, respiratory
Tx: surgery and stuff
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: brachial plexus impingment
anterior/middle scalene, coracoid, pec minor, clavicle and 1st rib, lung cancer
Test things
bones, three cells, osteoblast,clast,cytes and funct
basic unit of bone, osteons, havershian systems, compact,supongy, diaphysis,epiphysis parts
know the bones. little with origin and insertion of stuff
mm physiology, sacromere, thinck and thin filliments, calcium role---the whole operation of contraction
sarcoplasmic reticulum, no ATP=rigamortis
myofiber/cell and myofibrill, three types of tissue mm: smooth,cardiac, skel.
conditions: fibromyalgia, women, tenderpoints fatigue
osteroporosis, decrease calcium, weak bones
isotonic and isometric
what do you do with pathology
akylosing spondylosis
ajogrens
RA vs. osteroarthritis, DIP PIP
carrpal tunnel
whiplash
osgood schlater
Chapter 11 the Endocrine system; glands and hormones
Endocrine system: coordinates all other body systems, works with nervous system
endocrine glands: produce hormone into blood
adrenal gland get most blood supply?
Hormones (abbreviated H for ease): chemical messengers with regulatory effect on cells or organs
release directly into tissue/not ducts
affect many tissue
growth, thyroid H., insulin (blood sugar)
Affect specific tissue
thyroid stimulating H. (TSH) stim thyroid to work
adrenocortinotropic H (ACTH): stim adrenal glands
Hormone Chemistry
-amino acid compound
proteins of related compounds
all hormones except steroids
-lipids
most are steroids, from cholesterol
produced in adrenal cortex and sex gland
prostaglandings are also lipids
order
pineal gland: carcadin rhythm setter; melatonin, cortisol?
hypothalamus: monitoring blood
pituitary: produce TSH, ACTH
thyroid: T4 and T3 stuff?
ovaries/testes
adrenals
Hormone regulation
most negative feedback
some post. feedback
rhythmic pattern
brain, digestive organs, kidney also produce hormones
****p.210 and 211***
Pituitary (hypophysis) gland
*master gland
release H that affect working of other glands
controlled by hypothalamus
2 H from posterior pituitary (only stores them)
both made in hypothalamus: oxytocin and ADH- anti diarehtic H (pee less)
Control of Pituitary
Hypothalamus
-sends releasing H (RH) and inhibiting hormones (IH)
-produces antidiuretic H (ADH) and oxytocin
Hormones of Anterior lobe
growth H (GH) or somatotropin
thyroid stim H (TSH) or thyro____
ACTH
prolactin (PRL)
gonadotrpins: follick stim (FSH) and ____ (LH)
Posterior lobe
stores ADH and oxytocin
Thyroid gland- largest endocrine gland
lateral lobes on either side of larynx
Hormones of thyroid (speed things up)
thyroxine (T4)
principle H
increase energy and protein metabolism rate
triiodothyronine (T3)
increase energy and protein metabolism rate
calcitonin (red-headed step child)
reg. calcium metabolism
works with parathyroid H and vit D
Parathyroid gland (back of thyroid gland)
4 gland in posterior capsule of thyroid
secrete parathyroid H (PTH)
works with calcitonin to reg calcium meta.
Calcium metabolism
calc. balance requires:
calcitriol (dihydroxycholecalciterol) - produced by modifying vit D in liver than in kidney
parathyroid H
Calcitonin
Adrenal Gland
2 small glands on top of kidneys
each with 2 parts that act as separate glands
medulla- adrenalin/norepinephrine
cortex- cortisol, DHDA?, progesteron, etc. (longer lasting H)
vit C big co-factor
H. from
adrenal cortex:
glucucorticoids- cortisol (increase glucose levels in blood) or hydrocortisone
mineralocorticoids- aldosterone
sex hormones
Panreas and __ H.
islets of Langerhans* are specialised pancreas cells that secrete:
-insulin (gets sugar inside cells), decrease blood sugar, stim manufacture amino acids into protein
-glucagon- increase blood sugar
Sex glands
ovaries/testes produce H. to develop sexual characteristics, maintain reproductive organs
men=testosterone
women=estrogen, progesteron
Thymus gland- T cells
mass of lymphoid tissue in upper chest superior heart
important in development of immunity
produces thymosin- assist in maturity of T lymphocytes
Pineal Gland- cone shaped, posterior mid brain
produce melatonin
influence sleep/wake cycle
appears to delay onset of puberty
Other H. producing tissue
stomach, small intestine, kidney, brain, atria of heart, placenta
prostaglanding- group H. made by most body tissue
-produced, act, and rapid inactivited in or close to origin?
-constrict struct
-dilate struct
-promote inflammation
H. and Tx
-synthetics or animal replacements
H. Stress
stress response involves nervous and endocrine system.
H. release during stress help body cope
unchecked levels of H. can harm body
Aging
pancreas- adult onset diabetes
...
Sunday, January 22, 2012
1-20-12 Friday
PHYS/PATH (what else)
Spasms, Cramps: involuntary contraction of voluntary mm; can involve O2 supply, nutrition, ischemia, exercise, splinting?
Strain: injury to mm, tendon
can be trauma, overuse
myofibers are torn, fibroblasts lay down scar tissue (1st-3rd degrees severity)
moderate to severe pain, local, scar tissue leads to adhesion
mvmt makes worse
***healing Phase
1- acute in flammation
2- collagen deposition (proliferative phase) can start 48hrs post to 12 months (3 wks typical)
3- **(most important for MT)- reorganization of collagen, up to 12 months (remodeling phase) **8-10 wks post collagen formation becomes permanent
Tx- RICE, rehab
Avascular Osteonecrosis/Necrosis: blood supply to bone is impeded leading to loss/death of bone tissue
femur head and distal end of scaphoid main areas
clots and embolisms can occur
S&S: pain (occurs with tissue dying) joint collapse
diag: radiography
Fractures: broken bone; simple, incomplete, compound, etc.
Tx. immobilization, hydro opposite limb
Osteoporosis: porous, bones, calcium removed faster than replaced (bone loss)
woman higher risk due to frame, childbearing (adrenals), menopause,
calcium consumption influence bone density also vitamins, minerals, exercise, blood pH, meds, moods, diseases
Calcium absorb- vit D,K, acidic environment in stomach (true for all minerals), too much vit A impede calcium uptake
Calcium loss- caffeine, hyperthyroid, alcohol, smoking, inflammatory bowel disease
maintain
osteoblasts/clasts, ends of bones
femur head and vertebrae are common area affected
DEXA- bone density scan
prevent, get calcium from absorbable source
Paget Disease: bone broken down 50x faster; replaced with disorganized fibrous connective tissue
osteoclasts are 5x larger than normal
areas: skull, vertebrae, pelvis, legs
S&S: plapable heat
complication- fractures
local contra
Postural Diviations
-hyperkyphosis: humpback
-hyperlordosis: wayback
-scoliosis: s,c curve
Ankylosing Spondylitis: autoimmune disease, progressive inflammation, arthritis of spine with fusing
hip, SI joint, low back
**most common in 16-35yr old men
goes with Crohn disease (inflam of intestines), psoriasis, other autoimmune disease
Pain LB, refers to butt, legs
flare and remission
during flare, generral malais?, irits** (inflammation in eyes), possible fracture
complications: cauda equina syndrome (PNS pressure), inflammation of kidneys, eyes, etc.
Tx- PT, anti inflam, surgery
Dislocation: bone not where it should be
shoulders, fingers, hip
hip dysplasia, (Marfan, Ehlers Disease)
S&S: swelling, discoloration, loss function, pain
Complications: ligament laxity
Gout: chemistry based inflam. arthritis (big toes, spleen/liver meridian)
men 10:1
uric acid crystals- very painful
metabolic gout and
penal gout
trigger- drinking, diet, high-purine (meat), obesity, alcohol, hypertension,
sudden onset
complication: kidney stones, renal failure
pseudogout
Tx- drugs
Lyme Disease: infection with spirochete
Stages- bull's eye rash (50/50), high fever, fatigue, stiff neck
diag- difficult to be accurate
Tx- antibiotics
prevention: long sleeves, pants, check for ticks
Osteoarthritis: synovial jt (especially weight bearing), usually due to wear and tear*
bone on bone
degenerative joint disease
-most common type of arthritis
MT- take care of saddle joint (thumb)
causes risk: age, overweight, decrease h2o, history of trauma, surgery
with fingers: DIPs (Heberden nodes) over PIPs (Bouchard nodes)*
Tx- NSAID
exercise within pain tolerance, maintain ROM, strength mm, stamina/weight
Patellofemoral Syndrome: inflammation behind patella
precursor for osteoarthritis
main causes- overuse/overloading, alignment
S&S: pain anterior knee, stiff, crepitas (crunchy knees/jt), difficulty with walking(especially down stairs)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (whole body thing): autoimmune on synovial membrane
women>men
thick/welling in synovial, nodules
typically bilateral, may not be symmetrical
nodules on sclera, pleuritis, hepatitis, vasculitis (Raynaud)
Sjogren syndrome: dry up glands
diag: super stiff AM, hot showers help
Tx- anti-inflam, decrease pain, suppress immune system
Spondylosis: shrink between joint spaces (disk space), and edges of bones move out
not all cause pain, can put pressure on nerves
Sprains: injured/torn ligaments (1st-3rd degree severity)
repair = collagen fibers laid down
swelling is greater than strain
Tempromandibular Joint Disorder: issues with jaw
problems with spine leads to jaw/TMJ
common after MVA
common with fibromyalgia and others
bruxiam: grinding teeth
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: (producing bad collagen) weak connective tissue lead to jt dislocation
Rare
don't heal well after injury
delicate skin
detach retina
Marfan Syndrome: genetic, dysfunctional fibrillin
tend to be tall, with bulge or caved sternum, long fingers and toes
connective tissue is weak
eye disorders, heart aorta
Tx- manage symptoms
Massage- gentle
Muscular Dystrophy: degenerative wasting mm tissue
mm being replaced with fat
noticed by age 2- walking on toes
Duchene and Becker are X linked (more common in men)
other types not gender specific
blood test- creatine kinase super high
short life expectancy
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: bones formed with weak collagen; super easy to break (movie Unbreakable)
Baker Cyst: behind knee, cyst in synovial
common in kids, also adults with other trauma, RA, complications
could impair blood flow-lead to clots
Bunions: big toe deviates inward
woman 10:1
Bursitis: inflammation of bursa
adrenal imbalance, inflammatory diet
make sure not infection
Dupuyten Contracture: palmar aponerousis tighten with 4-5th digit fingers tighten up (palmar fascitis)
men>women, idiopathic, can lose function
Ganglion Cyst: pouch on jt, capsule or tendenous sheath; most common on extensors
local contra
Hernia: hole in abdominal wall, diaphragm
men7:1
all types of hernias
tx- surgical repair
complications: strangulation and all kinds of stuff
Osgood-Schlatter Disease: bones not grown as fast as mm
inflammation at tibial tuberosity with pull from quad mm
local contral
Pes Planus (flat feet)
Pes Cavus (big arches/caved/jammed)
feet=shock absorbers
footwear, adrenals, posterior tibialis
Spasms, Cramps: involuntary contraction of voluntary mm; can involve O2 supply, nutrition, ischemia, exercise, splinting?
Strain: injury to mm, tendon
can be trauma, overuse
myofibers are torn, fibroblasts lay down scar tissue (1st-3rd degrees severity)
moderate to severe pain, local, scar tissue leads to adhesion
mvmt makes worse
***healing Phase
1- acute in flammation
2- collagen deposition (proliferative phase) can start 48hrs post to 12 months (3 wks typical)
3- **(most important for MT)- reorganization of collagen, up to 12 months (remodeling phase) **8-10 wks post collagen formation becomes permanent
Tx- RICE, rehab
Avascular Osteonecrosis/Necrosis: blood supply to bone is impeded leading to loss/death of bone tissue
femur head and distal end of scaphoid main areas
clots and embolisms can occur
S&S: pain (occurs with tissue dying) joint collapse
diag: radiography
Fractures: broken bone; simple, incomplete, compound, etc.
Tx. immobilization, hydro opposite limb
Osteoporosis: porous, bones, calcium removed faster than replaced (bone loss)
woman higher risk due to frame, childbearing (adrenals), menopause,
calcium consumption influence bone density also vitamins, minerals, exercise, blood pH, meds, moods, diseases
Calcium absorb- vit D,K, acidic environment in stomach (true for all minerals), too much vit A impede calcium uptake
Calcium loss- caffeine, hyperthyroid, alcohol, smoking, inflammatory bowel disease
maintain
osteoblasts/clasts, ends of bones
femur head and vertebrae are common area affected
DEXA- bone density scan
prevent, get calcium from absorbable source
Paget Disease: bone broken down 50x faster; replaced with disorganized fibrous connective tissue
osteoclasts are 5x larger than normal
areas: skull, vertebrae, pelvis, legs
S&S: plapable heat
complication- fractures
local contra
Postural Diviations
-hyperkyphosis: humpback
-hyperlordosis: wayback
-scoliosis: s,c curve
Ankylosing Spondylitis: autoimmune disease, progressive inflammation, arthritis of spine with fusing
hip, SI joint, low back
**most common in 16-35yr old men
goes with Crohn disease (inflam of intestines), psoriasis, other autoimmune disease
Pain LB, refers to butt, legs
flare and remission
during flare, generral malais?, irits** (inflammation in eyes), possible fracture
complications: cauda equina syndrome (PNS pressure), inflammation of kidneys, eyes, etc.
Tx- PT, anti inflam, surgery
Dislocation: bone not where it should be
shoulders, fingers, hip
hip dysplasia, (Marfan, Ehlers Disease)
S&S: swelling, discoloration, loss function, pain
Complications: ligament laxity
Gout: chemistry based inflam. arthritis (big toes, spleen/liver meridian)
men 10:1
uric acid crystals- very painful
metabolic gout and
penal gout
trigger- drinking, diet, high-purine (meat), obesity, alcohol, hypertension,
sudden onset
complication: kidney stones, renal failure
pseudogout
Tx- drugs
Lyme Disease: infection with spirochete
Stages- bull's eye rash (50/50), high fever, fatigue, stiff neck
diag- difficult to be accurate
Tx- antibiotics
prevention: long sleeves, pants, check for ticks
Osteoarthritis: synovial jt (especially weight bearing), usually due to wear and tear*
bone on bone
degenerative joint disease
-most common type of arthritis
MT- take care of saddle joint (thumb)
causes risk: age, overweight, decrease h2o, history of trauma, surgery
with fingers: DIPs (Heberden nodes) over PIPs (Bouchard nodes)*
Tx- NSAID
exercise within pain tolerance, maintain ROM, strength mm, stamina/weight
Patellofemoral Syndrome: inflammation behind patella
precursor for osteoarthritis
main causes- overuse/overloading, alignment
S&S: pain anterior knee, stiff, crepitas (crunchy knees/jt), difficulty with walking(especially down stairs)
Rheumatoid Arthritis (whole body thing): autoimmune on synovial membrane
women>men
thick/welling in synovial, nodules
typically bilateral, may not be symmetrical
nodules on sclera, pleuritis, hepatitis, vasculitis (Raynaud)
Sjogren syndrome: dry up glands
diag: super stiff AM, hot showers help
Tx- anti-inflam, decrease pain, suppress immune system
Spondylosis: shrink between joint spaces (disk space), and edges of bones move out
not all cause pain, can put pressure on nerves
Sprains: injured/torn ligaments (1st-3rd degree severity)
repair = collagen fibers laid down
swelling is greater than strain
Tempromandibular Joint Disorder: issues with jaw
problems with spine leads to jaw/TMJ
common after MVA
common with fibromyalgia and others
bruxiam: grinding teeth
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: (producing bad collagen) weak connective tissue lead to jt dislocation
Rare
don't heal well after injury
delicate skin
detach retina
Marfan Syndrome: genetic, dysfunctional fibrillin
tend to be tall, with bulge or caved sternum, long fingers and toes
connective tissue is weak
eye disorders, heart aorta
Tx- manage symptoms
Massage- gentle
Muscular Dystrophy: degenerative wasting mm tissue
mm being replaced with fat
noticed by age 2- walking on toes
Duchene and Becker are X linked (more common in men)
other types not gender specific
blood test- creatine kinase super high
short life expectancy
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: bones formed with weak collagen; super easy to break (movie Unbreakable)
Baker Cyst: behind knee, cyst in synovial
common in kids, also adults with other trauma, RA, complications
could impair blood flow-lead to clots
Bunions: big toe deviates inward
woman 10:1
Bursitis: inflammation of bursa
adrenal imbalance, inflammatory diet
make sure not infection
Dupuyten Contracture: palmar aponerousis tighten with 4-5th digit fingers tighten up (palmar fascitis)
men>women, idiopathic, can lose function
Ganglion Cyst: pouch on jt, capsule or tendenous sheath; most common on extensors
local contra
Hernia: hole in abdominal wall, diaphragm
men7:1
all types of hernias
tx- surgical repair
complications: strangulation and all kinds of stuff
Osgood-Schlatter Disease: bones not grown as fast as mm
inflammation at tibial tuberosity with pull from quad mm
local contral
Pes Planus (flat feet)
Pes Cavus (big arches/caved/jammed)
feet=shock absorbers
footwear, adrenals, posterior tibialis
Thursday, January 19, 2012
1-16-12
PHYS/PATH
1- AP (action potential)
2- ACh in synapse (NMJ)
3- AP continues
4- ca released from sacroplasmic reticulum
5- ca causes troponin/tropomyosin to uncover binding site on actin
6- myosin binding head with ADP+P attaches to actin binding site
7- attaching causes ADP+P gets knocked off; explosion causes myosin head to bend
8- ATP enters the cell and binds to myosin head causing it to release from actin attaching causes ADP+P formation
myoglobin: 'back up' stones reserves of O2
Glycogen: 'starch in a plant' storage form of glucose
creatine phosphate: stores energy
mm contraction requires ATP oxidized in mm cells from o2, glucose or other usable nutrient
effects of exercise
increase balance, jt flex, mm size (hypertrophy), mm tissue, vasodilation, weight control, stronger bones, strengthen heart mm, breathing and respiratory efficiency.
mm contration
isotonic: no change in tension, mm length shortens, mvmt (lifting)
isometric: great increase in tension, mm length unchanged, no mvmt (pushing)
partial contraction: tonus
tendons to bone
prime movers and synergists
antagonists
lever-bone
fulcrum-joint
force-applied by mm
3classes of levers (3rd is most common in body)
mm physiology
PATHOLOGY SECTION
syndrome is collection of symptoms
Fibromyalgia: chronic pain in mm, tendon, etc.; tender points, chest sternum, back, trap; symmetric, main jts
fatigue, lack of sleep
85-90% in women
usually have autoimmune too
tender points-9 predictable pain, all quadrants
stiff after rest, poor stamina
complications- depression
tx- ed, meds
m- within tolerance, don't use tender points as trigger points, avoid ice,
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
-development of trigger points
men=women
knot or taut bands in mm
Tx. botox, acupuncture
Myositis Ossificans
-mm inflammation with bone formation
calcification of mm to bone
most common with injury
local contra
tx is rest
Shin Splints: umbrella term for variety of lower leg problems
S&S- mild to sever pain, mm contraction makes it worse
stress fracture-makes it worse overtime
Tx- decreased activity/rest, shoe change, hydrotherapy, steroid injection, surgery
1- AP (action potential)
2- ACh in synapse (NMJ)
3- AP continues
4- ca released from sacroplasmic reticulum
5- ca causes troponin/tropomyosin to uncover binding site on actin
6- myosin binding head with ADP+P attaches to actin binding site
7- attaching causes ADP+P gets knocked off; explosion causes myosin head to bend
8- ATP enters the cell and binds to myosin head causing it to release from actin attaching causes ADP+P formation
myoglobin: 'back up' stones reserves of O2
Glycogen: 'starch in a plant' storage form of glucose
creatine phosphate: stores energy
mm contraction requires ATP oxidized in mm cells from o2, glucose or other usable nutrient
effects of exercise
increase balance, jt flex, mm size (hypertrophy), mm tissue, vasodilation, weight control, stronger bones, strengthen heart mm, breathing and respiratory efficiency.
mm contration
isotonic: no change in tension, mm length shortens, mvmt (lifting)
isometric: great increase in tension, mm length unchanged, no mvmt (pushing)
partial contraction: tonus
tendons to bone
prime movers and synergists
antagonists
lever-bone
fulcrum-joint
force-applied by mm
3classes of levers (3rd is most common in body)
mm physiology
PATHOLOGY SECTION
syndrome is collection of symptoms
Fibromyalgia: chronic pain in mm, tendon, etc.; tender points, chest sternum, back, trap; symmetric, main jts
fatigue, lack of sleep
85-90% in women
usually have autoimmune too
tender points-9 predictable pain, all quadrants
stiff after rest, poor stamina
complications- depression
tx- ed, meds
m- within tolerance, don't use tender points as trigger points, avoid ice,
Myofascial Pain Syndrome
-development of trigger points
men=women
knot or taut bands in mm
Tx. botox, acupuncture
Myositis Ossificans
-mm inflammation with bone formation
calcification of mm to bone
most common with injury
local contra
tx is rest
Shin Splints: umbrella term for variety of lower leg problems
S&S- mild to sever pain, mm contraction makes it worse
stress fracture-makes it worse overtime
Tx- decreased activity/rest, shoe change, hydrotherapy, steroid injection, surgery
Saturday, January 14, 2012
1-13-12 Friday
PHYS/PATH
Section A of the appendix in the pathology book-drugs/meds
anti-anxiety:
-benzodiazepenes (for short term anxiety): valium, ativan, xanax
complications: decrease heartrate, unaware of pain
-buspirone Hcl
anti-depressant: try to mimic, block, inhibit
-tricyclics: monamine oxidse inhibitors (MAOIs)
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): prozac, zoloft, paxil
others: wellbutrin
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic
salicylates: asprin (thin blood), bayer
acetaminophen: tylenoal
steroidal anti-inflam: prednizone, cortisone, hydrocortine
non steroidal ai (NSAID): celebrex, advil, excedrin, aleve
narcotics and mixed narcs: codeine, oxycotin, vicodin, dulaudid
Autonomic nervous system drugs
cholinergic- parasympathetic
anticholinergic
adrenergic-sympathetic: flomax
Cardiovascular
beta blocker
calcium channal blockers
ACE inhibitors (side effect can be cough)
digitalis
anti angina: nitroglycerin-vasodialation
anti lipemic: lipitor, zocor, questran
diuretics (make pee more): thiazide - losing potassium
Cancer drugs: stop cell replication or tumor itself. not prolonging life, just shrinking tumor
clotting
anticoagulants- heparin, coumadin
massage can bruise
antiplatelet: asprin, plavix
diabetes: type 1: cannot produce insulin; low blood sugar = non responsive
type 2: environment, diet
insulin
oral glucose
muscle relaxant
centrally acting skeletal mm relaxants: flexeril, norflex, valium,
thyroid: T4-inactive T3-gets activated
evothyroxine, synthetic T4 - going to speed things up
dessicated-armour thyroid T4 and T3, not synthetic
liothyronin- cytomet, synthetic T3
class on drugs: A,B,C,D
less toxic is A, to most toxic which is D
Chapter 6 in Memmler's
skeletal system: bones, jt, connective tissue
Bones: framework, protective structure, calcium source, blood cells, leverage for mvmt
types: compact bone: **Haversion system (osteons)-circle with artery and vein in the middle (p92)
spongy (cancellous)
bone marrow: red and yellow
bone membranes
periosteum (outside)
endosteum (inside)
***types of bone cells
osteoblasts: matrix
osteocytes: repair/maintain
osteoclasts: resorb bone tissue
ossification: conversion of cartilage to bone
formation long bone
cartilage turns into bone
epiphyseal plates on both ends
bones continue to lengthen
bone stop
bones resorption and formation continues
bone markings
projections
depressions
axial, appendicular
cranial ,facial
anterior fontanel (soft spots on infant skull)
vertebral
aging:
decrease: calcium salts, protein, collagen, height, chest diameter
Chapter 7-mm
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
smooth: tapered end, narrow, long, no striated, involuntary,
stim-nerve impulses, hormones, stretching
cardiac: involuntary, heart, branching interconnection, ***intercalated disc**, single central nucleus, striated
Stim- electrical impulse, para/sympathetic
skeletal: voluntary, striated,
muscular system:
mvmt of skeletal,
posture maintenance
heat generation-mvmt creates heat
structure of mm
connective tissue layers
-endomysium: around individual fibers
-perimysium: bundles of mm fibers
-epimysium: over entire mm, part of deep fascia
tendons
mm cell=mm fiber
**mm fibrills are within each fiber
mm cell in action
each mm fiber attches to synaps
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (special synapse for mm)
-neurotransmitter
-synaptic cleft
-receptors
-motor end plate
Acetocholyin with nicotinic receptor
properties of mm
excitability
-action potential
contractility
-actin-thin red/orange fiber
-myosin-thick blue fiber
-sarcomere
-ATP
need ATP and calcium for mm contraction
calcium:
released when nerve fiber stim mm cell
attaches to proteins blocking receptor sites
allows cross bridges to form between actin and myosin
returns to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whick is called "sarcoplasmic reticulum" in mm cell
Energy sources
ATP
O2
glucose or others
myoglobin?
O2 consumption
aerobic glucose metabolism
-requires O2
-used during normal _____
anaerobic glucose metabolism
-doesn't require o2
-used during strenuous activity
-less ATP produced
-lactic acid accumulates
-o2 debt develops
recovery o2 consumtion
Section A of the appendix in the pathology book-drugs/meds
anti-anxiety:
-benzodiazepenes (for short term anxiety): valium, ativan, xanax
complications: decrease heartrate, unaware of pain
-buspirone Hcl
anti-depressant: try to mimic, block, inhibit
-tricyclics: monamine oxidse inhibitors (MAOIs)
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): prozac, zoloft, paxil
others: wellbutrin
Anti-inflammatory and analgesic
salicylates: asprin (thin blood), bayer
acetaminophen: tylenoal
steroidal anti-inflam: prednizone, cortisone, hydrocortine
non steroidal ai (NSAID): celebrex, advil, excedrin, aleve
narcotics and mixed narcs: codeine, oxycotin, vicodin, dulaudid
Autonomic nervous system drugs
cholinergic- parasympathetic
anticholinergic
adrenergic-sympathetic: flomax
Cardiovascular
beta blocker
calcium channal blockers
ACE inhibitors (side effect can be cough)
digitalis
anti angina: nitroglycerin-vasodialation
anti lipemic: lipitor, zocor, questran
diuretics (make pee more): thiazide - losing potassium
Cancer drugs: stop cell replication or tumor itself. not prolonging life, just shrinking tumor
clotting
anticoagulants- heparin, coumadin
massage can bruise
antiplatelet: asprin, plavix
diabetes: type 1: cannot produce insulin; low blood sugar = non responsive
type 2: environment, diet
insulin
oral glucose
muscle relaxant
centrally acting skeletal mm relaxants: flexeril, norflex, valium,
thyroid: T4-inactive T3-gets activated
evothyroxine, synthetic T4 - going to speed things up
dessicated-armour thyroid T4 and T3, not synthetic
liothyronin- cytomet, synthetic T3
class on drugs: A,B,C,D
less toxic is A, to most toxic which is D
Chapter 6 in Memmler's
skeletal system: bones, jt, connective tissue
Bones: framework, protective structure, calcium source, blood cells, leverage for mvmt
types: compact bone: **Haversion system (osteons)-circle with artery and vein in the middle (p92)
spongy (cancellous)
bone marrow: red and yellow
bone membranes
periosteum (outside)
endosteum (inside)
***types of bone cells
osteoblasts: matrix
osteocytes: repair/maintain
osteoclasts: resorb bone tissue
ossification: conversion of cartilage to bone
formation long bone
cartilage turns into bone
epiphyseal plates on both ends
bones continue to lengthen
bone stop
bones resorption and formation continues
bone markings
projections
depressions
axial, appendicular
cranial ,facial
anterior fontanel (soft spots on infant skull)
vertebral
aging:
decrease: calcium salts, protein, collagen, height, chest diameter
Chapter 7-mm
smooth, cardiac, skeletal
smooth: tapered end, narrow, long, no striated, involuntary,
stim-nerve impulses, hormones, stretching
cardiac: involuntary, heart, branching interconnection, ***intercalated disc**, single central nucleus, striated
Stim- electrical impulse, para/sympathetic
skeletal: voluntary, striated,
muscular system:
mvmt of skeletal,
posture maintenance
heat generation-mvmt creates heat
structure of mm
connective tissue layers
-endomysium: around individual fibers
-perimysium: bundles of mm fibers
-epimysium: over entire mm, part of deep fascia
tendons
mm cell=mm fiber
**mm fibrills are within each fiber
mm cell in action
each mm fiber attches to synaps
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (special synapse for mm)
-neurotransmitter
-synaptic cleft
-receptors
-motor end plate
Acetocholyin with nicotinic receptor
properties of mm
excitability
-action potential
contractility
-actin-thin red/orange fiber
-myosin-thick blue fiber
-sarcomere
-ATP
need ATP and calcium for mm contraction
calcium:
released when nerve fiber stim mm cell
attaches to proteins blocking receptor sites
allows cross bridges to form between actin and myosin
returns to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whick is called "sarcoplasmic reticulum" in mm cell
Energy sources
ATP
O2
glucose or others
myoglobin?
O2 consumption
aerobic glucose metabolism
-requires O2
-used during normal _____
anaerobic glucose metabolism
-doesn't require o2
-used during strenuous activity
-less ATP produced
-lactic acid accumulates
-o2 debt develops
recovery o2 consumtion
Thursday, January 12, 2012
1-11-12 Wednesday
ETHICS
3 broader goals of course: critical thinking skills, personal empowerment, resources/authorities
Professional Ethics
-Integrity: respect boundaries, high moral standards, respect
-Personal responsibility
-Self-accountability
-Self respect
Key Terms
-values: what is important to you
-morals: good/bad, right/wrong
-principles: values and morals in action
-ethics: system or rules of conduct
-laws: formal, societal rules of conduct with consequences
professionalism
2 cornerstone duties
-non-maleficence: do no harm
-beneficence: do good
Clients rights
-respect
-informed and prior consent
-self determination - choose or refuse
-safety/competency and confidentiality
Therapeutic relationships
-client centered: co-creation. Every MT action is in service to client, who has a voice.
-Fiduciary relationship: based upon trust
-Power differential: client trusts specialist with their well being
Psychological Concepts
-Transference (counter): client unconsciously redirects feelings from prior relationship with caretaker figure toward MT
-Projection: client or MT attributes their own (uncomfortable) feelings to MT.
-Repression: client or MT removes painful experience, feelings from consciousness
-Denial: distorted interpretation of events, often rationalizing a diminished impact of reality
-6 steps in resolution P.11
MFR
for next class be in 'assessment' clothes
Quiz:
different forces: torque, sheer, etc.
3 primary components: collagen, elastin, ground substance and their basic function
3 things fascia responds to: time, heat, pressure
soul purpose of MFR: relieve pain and restore function
describe basics of diaphragm unwinding
know all diaphragms and where they are
vasomotor response
PHYS/PATH
Trigeminal Neuralgia aka tic douloureux
: nerve pain along 1 or more of three branches of CN V
usually older people 60+
CN V is irritated, cause is questionable
artery or vein wraps around CN V as it emerges from pons
sharp, electric, burning pain/sensation
can last up to 2 min. or several jabs in succession
Type 1: sharp blasts of pain on one side face, related to mild trigger
Type 2: long lasting burning pain, ache, with occasional blots of severe pain
triggers: ? chew, swallow, speak, draft, light touch
Tx: rule out tooth infection, sinus
acupuncture, anticonvulsant drug, microvascular surgery
Guillain-Barre Syndrome : acute inflammation and destruction of myelin layers of peripheral nerves (loss of feeling)
kind of like MS but after viral infection usually
-worry when it gets to diaphragm, no breathing
on both sides
starting distal, legs, moving proximal
S&S: symmetrical, fast, severe onset, reflex diminished, S&S are distinct, most have full recovery if they don't die (5-7%)
Headaches
-most self contained temporary problems
-some have serious underlying conditions
Types
-primary (freestanding) vs. secondary (symptom of another problem)
Tension-type HA: most common 90-92%
-mm tension, bony misalignment
-episodic or chronic
Vascular HA
-migraine - vasoconstriction
classic and common
trigger- weather, stress, food, hormones
cluster HA aka suicide HA: more common in men
sinus HA: allergy, infection
chemical HA: alcohol (hangover), decrease blood sugar, rebound HA med overusage
traction inflammation HA: tumor etc.
Tx- trigger management and journal
Meniere Disease
-inner ear dysfunction
*S&S: vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in ear), hearing loss, (fullness in middle ear)
mostly younger 20-50
men=women
causes? autoimmune, rupture in labyrinth ?
onset is fast
similar symptoms as neuroma - tumor, MS
Tx- BP management
Seizure Disorder: interconnecting neurons in brain give off bursts of energy
lots of triggers
causes: could be many things
partial seizures
generalized seizures
-absence seizure
-status epileptieus
diag. EEG, CT, MRI
tx. meds, diet
Sleep disorders: trouble sleeping
not sleeping=not healing
melatonin=sleep
cortisol?=wake
sleep cycles
Types:
-parasomnia: disrupts sleep (night terrors)
-dyssomnia: can't initiate, maintain sleep
-insomnia: apnea: no breath; central sleep apnea
-restless leg syndrome
-narcolepsy: sleeping attacks
circadian rhythm disruption
-certain times of days for certain things day/night rhythms
tired, irritable, grumpy, mood
tx: sleep hygiene, no caffeine, exercise
Vestibular Balance disorder
vertigo
CN VIII
vomit, dizzy
benign paroxysmal -- -- ?
labyrinthitis
meneirs disease
head injury
drugs, tumor, stroke
one S&S nystagmus: eyes move back and forth
Things for celebration:
CN: names and numbers and function
2 disease of CN, which, symptoms, who gets them
ear: 3 chambers, fluid inner, tympanic membrane, 3 bones, virtation? tube to equalize pressure
parts and function of eye: cornea, lens, sclera choriod retina, white part of eye, cone, rodss
action potential parts and players and relation
synapse: neurotransmitters
adrenergic? and coloergic?
nicotini? and muscoinic?
structure of nerve
meningines order and layer
corpus colosum; connect right and left
giri, sulcus, lobes and function
limbic system function
3 parts of brain stem and function
diencephalon
afferent/efferent-dorsal vs. ventral horn, reflex arch and parts
ventricles: function: produce cerebral spinal fluid
alzeimers, parkinsons, gillian berrie, meyer? disease, spina bif, polio and ms difference, stroke, key age groups ms/trigen
3 broader goals of course: critical thinking skills, personal empowerment, resources/authorities
Professional Ethics
-Integrity: respect boundaries, high moral standards, respect
-Personal responsibility
-Self-accountability
-Self respect
Key Terms
-values: what is important to you
-morals: good/bad, right/wrong
-principles: values and morals in action
-ethics: system or rules of conduct
-laws: formal, societal rules of conduct with consequences
professionalism
2 cornerstone duties
-non-maleficence: do no harm
-beneficence: do good
Clients rights
-respect
-informed and prior consent
-self determination - choose or refuse
-safety/competency and confidentiality
Therapeutic relationships
-client centered: co-creation. Every MT action is in service to client, who has a voice.
-Fiduciary relationship: based upon trust
-Power differential: client trusts specialist with their well being
Psychological Concepts
-Transference (counter): client unconsciously redirects feelings from prior relationship with caretaker figure toward MT
-Projection: client or MT attributes their own (uncomfortable) feelings to MT.
-Repression: client or MT removes painful experience, feelings from consciousness
-Denial: distorted interpretation of events, often rationalizing a diminished impact of reality
-6 steps in resolution P.11
MFR
for next class be in 'assessment' clothes
Quiz:
different forces: torque, sheer, etc.
3 primary components: collagen, elastin, ground substance and their basic function
3 things fascia responds to: time, heat, pressure
soul purpose of MFR: relieve pain and restore function
describe basics of diaphragm unwinding
know all diaphragms and where they are
vasomotor response
PHYS/PATH
Trigeminal Neuralgia aka tic douloureux
: nerve pain along 1 or more of three branches of CN V
usually older people 60+
CN V is irritated, cause is questionable
artery or vein wraps around CN V as it emerges from pons
sharp, electric, burning pain/sensation
can last up to 2 min. or several jabs in succession
Type 1: sharp blasts of pain on one side face, related to mild trigger
Type 2: long lasting burning pain, ache, with occasional blots of severe pain
triggers: ? chew, swallow, speak, draft, light touch
Tx: rule out tooth infection, sinus
acupuncture, anticonvulsant drug, microvascular surgery
Guillain-Barre Syndrome : acute inflammation and destruction of myelin layers of peripheral nerves (loss of feeling)
kind of like MS but after viral infection usually
-worry when it gets to diaphragm, no breathing
on both sides
starting distal, legs, moving proximal
S&S: symmetrical, fast, severe onset, reflex diminished, S&S are distinct, most have full recovery if they don't die (5-7%)
Headaches
-most self contained temporary problems
-some have serious underlying conditions
Types
-primary (freestanding) vs. secondary (symptom of another problem)
Tension-type HA: most common 90-92%
-mm tension, bony misalignment
-episodic or chronic
Vascular HA
-migraine - vasoconstriction
classic and common
trigger- weather, stress, food, hormones
cluster HA aka suicide HA: more common in men
sinus HA: allergy, infection
chemical HA: alcohol (hangover), decrease blood sugar, rebound HA med overusage
traction inflammation HA: tumor etc.
Tx- trigger management and journal
Meniere Disease
-inner ear dysfunction
*S&S: vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in ear), hearing loss, (fullness in middle ear)
mostly younger 20-50
men=women
causes? autoimmune, rupture in labyrinth ?
onset is fast
similar symptoms as neuroma - tumor, MS
Tx- BP management
Seizure Disorder: interconnecting neurons in brain give off bursts of energy
lots of triggers
causes: could be many things
partial seizures
generalized seizures
-absence seizure
-status epileptieus
diag. EEG, CT, MRI
tx. meds, diet
Sleep disorders: trouble sleeping
not sleeping=not healing
melatonin=sleep
cortisol?=wake
sleep cycles
Types:
-parasomnia: disrupts sleep (night terrors)
-dyssomnia: can't initiate, maintain sleep
-insomnia: apnea: no breath; central sleep apnea
-restless leg syndrome
-narcolepsy: sleeping attacks
circadian rhythm disruption
-certain times of days for certain things day/night rhythms
tired, irritable, grumpy, mood
tx: sleep hygiene, no caffeine, exercise
Vestibular Balance disorder
vertigo
CN VIII
vomit, dizzy
benign paroxysmal -- -- ?
labyrinthitis
meneirs disease
head injury
drugs, tumor, stroke
one S&S nystagmus: eyes move back and forth
Things for celebration:
CN: names and numbers and function
2 disease of CN, which, symptoms, who gets them
ear: 3 chambers, fluid inner, tympanic membrane, 3 bones, virtation? tube to equalize pressure
parts and function of eye: cornea, lens, sclera choriod retina, white part of eye, cone, rodss
action potential parts and players and relation
synapse: neurotransmitters
adrenergic? and coloergic?
nicotini? and muscoinic?
structure of nerve
meningines order and layer
corpus colosum; connect right and left
giri, sulcus, lobes and function
limbic system function
3 parts of brain stem and function
diencephalon
afferent/efferent-dorsal vs. ventral horn, reflex arch and parts
ventricles: function: produce cerebral spinal fluid
alzeimers, parkinsons, gillian berrie, meyer? disease, spina bif, polio and ms difference, stroke, key age groups ms/trigen
Tuesday, January 10, 2012
1-9-12 Monday
PHYS/PATH
quiz: lewy bodies= Parkinson
plaques and tangles = Alzheimer
pain, vesicles along dermatome = herpes zoster aka shingles
meningitis: inflammation of meninges (arachnoid, cerebral spinal fluid)
fever, neck pain, bend knees, purple rash
bacteria- antibiotics, steroids; more severe, risk permanent damage, hearing, cognitive function
viral- supportive therapy; enteroviruses, herpes, others
increase pressure in brain, cranial nerves at risk
diagnosis: spinal tap
10day incubation with bact. and 3 wks if viral
passes by mucous secretions contaminated surfaces, oral-fecal
vaccine
Polio and postpolio syndrom (PPS); not common; infantile paralysis
digestive mucosa and anterior horn motor neurons
PPS: progressive mm weakness; 10-40 years later
oral-fecal, contaminated water
digestive
vaccine-one type weak other dead
salk is the inactive one
sabin is the weakend, with higher risk of infection
Anxiety Disorder- irrational fears, and controlling them. "am I safe?"
in women anxiety can be a sign of heart attack
limbic system- amygdala- history of fear response, and hippocampus - verbal memeroy
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) imbalance- sympathetic and parasympathetic
fight/flight, HPA axis
lots of cortisol- breaks down body, weak connective tissue, suppressed immunity, shrink hippocampus
neurotransmitters- norepinephrine, GABA, serotonin
types: general anxiety disorder (GAD),
panic disorder- sympathetic reactions: increase heart rate, sweaty, dizzy, faint, impending doom,
acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (1m acute, 3+month post)
limbic system isn't processing well, constant F/F
obsessive compulsive disorder
unwelcome thoughts, effort to control them
common fear are: contamination, violence, being violent/sex act, ....
phobias
Attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder
neurobiochemical- difficult with mvmt
given Ritalin, an adrenaline, epinephrin
adrenial fatigue; inattentiveness, hyperactive, impulsive
Autism Spectrum disorder: basically, not firing on all cylinders; in own little world
-communication
-specific, predictable mvmt patters
-sensory prob.
-early childhood (3years)
theories? heavy metals, predisposition
S&S: major issues:
-deficit verbal/nonverbal communication
-prob social interactions
-repetitive behaviors, mvmts
types: autistic disorder, asperger syndrome (mild form)
Chemical Dependency: use, abuse, dependence
alcoholism, caffine
alcohol is super sugar, damages every tissue it touches
psychological: it feels good, build tolerence
S&S: craving, can't control etc., withdrawal problems, denial
digestive: gastritis, ulcers, liver damage, pancreatitis (#1 cause is alcohol)
cardiovascular: arrythmia, increase and decrease clotting
nervous:
immune system: decrease resistance, pneumonia
reproduction: decrease sex drive, ED,
Depression: genetic-neurochemical disorder requiring some environmental trigger whose characteristic manifestation is an inability to appreciate sunsets? (that can't be right)
imbalance of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
HPA axis - adrenal stim
hormonal imbalance - progesterone, estrogen, endophins
atrophy in hippocampus, may be related to cortisol levels
cause: genetics, environment, personality, chronic illness
eating sleeping?
major depression- 6-18months
bipolar-manic depression
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
postpartum
SSRI-selective serotoin reuptake inhibitors: prozac, zoloft
SNRI: serotonin norepinephrin reuptake inhbitors
psychotherapy, light therapy, electric shock?, SAM-e, omega 3.....
Eating disorders
anorexia nervosa: self starvation
bulimia nervosa: normal or high calorie consumption, purging
(these 2 usually type A personality, athletes, power issues..)
binge eating: over eating without purging
complications: mental, emotional, physical
anorexia- bradycardia, hypotension, teeth damage/decay
bulimia- tooth erosion, esphogus prob.
Bells Palsy
**CN VII- facial nerve, mostly motor
preceded by herpes outbreak/cold
sudden onset
usually only one side of face
Cerebral Palsy
before, during, right after birth
damage to basal ganglia, cerebrum
spastic (one side hypertonic) CP is most common type
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) or (RSDS)
-hypersensitive nerves to pain
pain becomes self-fulfilling prophecy
burning pain at site
autonomic dysfunction
motor dysfunction
Spina Bifid: the bone didn't close
main risk factor- folate deficiency (pregnancy period)
occulta
meningocela
myelomeningoccele
complication hydrocephalus: water head
Spinal cord injury: self evident
concussion, contusion, compression, laceration, trasection
secondary: embolism due to bed rest, UTI
Stroke: heart attack in brain, blood vessel blockage or embolism, or hemorrhage (worst headache ever!)
blood on nerves
#3 cause of death - vascular issue, cardiovascular
most common CNS
O2 deprvation
TIA- transient ischemia attack, looks like stroke but temporary
aphysia- talk
Traumatic brain injuries: think of rebound injury sites too
quiz: lewy bodies= Parkinson
plaques and tangles = Alzheimer
pain, vesicles along dermatome = herpes zoster aka shingles
meningitis: inflammation of meninges (arachnoid, cerebral spinal fluid)
fever, neck pain, bend knees, purple rash
bacteria- antibiotics, steroids; more severe, risk permanent damage, hearing, cognitive function
viral- supportive therapy; enteroviruses, herpes, others
increase pressure in brain, cranial nerves at risk
diagnosis: spinal tap
10day incubation with bact. and 3 wks if viral
passes by mucous secretions contaminated surfaces, oral-fecal
vaccine
Polio and postpolio syndrom (PPS); not common; infantile paralysis
digestive mucosa and anterior horn motor neurons
PPS: progressive mm weakness; 10-40 years later
oral-fecal, contaminated water
digestive
vaccine-one type weak other dead
salk is the inactive one
sabin is the weakend, with higher risk of infection
Anxiety Disorder- irrational fears, and controlling them. "am I safe?"
in women anxiety can be a sign of heart attack
limbic system- amygdala- history of fear response, and hippocampus - verbal memeroy
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) imbalance- sympathetic and parasympathetic
fight/flight, HPA axis
lots of cortisol- breaks down body, weak connective tissue, suppressed immunity, shrink hippocampus
neurotransmitters- norepinephrine, GABA, serotonin
types: general anxiety disorder (GAD),
panic disorder- sympathetic reactions: increase heart rate, sweaty, dizzy, faint, impending doom,
acute and posttraumatic stress disorder (1m acute, 3+month post)
limbic system isn't processing well, constant F/F
obsessive compulsive disorder
unwelcome thoughts, effort to control them
common fear are: contamination, violence, being violent/sex act, ....
phobias
Attention deficit (hyperactivity) disorder
neurobiochemical- difficult with mvmt
given Ritalin, an adrenaline, epinephrin
adrenial fatigue; inattentiveness, hyperactive, impulsive
Autism Spectrum disorder: basically, not firing on all cylinders; in own little world
-communication
-specific, predictable mvmt patters
-sensory prob.
-early childhood (3years)
theories? heavy metals, predisposition
S&S: major issues:
-deficit verbal/nonverbal communication
-prob social interactions
-repetitive behaviors, mvmts
types: autistic disorder, asperger syndrome (mild form)
Chemical Dependency: use, abuse, dependence
alcoholism, caffine
alcohol is super sugar, damages every tissue it touches
psychological: it feels good, build tolerence
S&S: craving, can't control etc., withdrawal problems, denial
digestive: gastritis, ulcers, liver damage, pancreatitis (#1 cause is alcohol)
cardiovascular: arrythmia, increase and decrease clotting
nervous:
immune system: decrease resistance, pneumonia
reproduction: decrease sex drive, ED,
Depression: genetic-neurochemical disorder requiring some environmental trigger whose characteristic manifestation is an inability to appreciate sunsets? (that can't be right)
imbalance of serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine
HPA axis - adrenal stim
hormonal imbalance - progesterone, estrogen, endophins
atrophy in hippocampus, may be related to cortisol levels
cause: genetics, environment, personality, chronic illness
eating sleeping?
major depression- 6-18months
bipolar-manic depression
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
postpartum
SSRI-selective serotoin reuptake inhibitors: prozac, zoloft
SNRI: serotonin norepinephrin reuptake inhbitors
psychotherapy, light therapy, electric shock?, SAM-e, omega 3.....
Eating disorders
anorexia nervosa: self starvation
bulimia nervosa: normal or high calorie consumption, purging
(these 2 usually type A personality, athletes, power issues..)
binge eating: over eating without purging
complications: mental, emotional, physical
anorexia- bradycardia, hypotension, teeth damage/decay
bulimia- tooth erosion, esphogus prob.
Bells Palsy
**CN VII- facial nerve, mostly motor
preceded by herpes outbreak/cold
sudden onset
usually only one side of face
Cerebral Palsy
before, during, right after birth
damage to basal ganglia, cerebrum
spastic (one side hypertonic) CP is most common type
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) or (RSDS)
-hypersensitive nerves to pain
pain becomes self-fulfilling prophecy
burning pain at site
autonomic dysfunction
motor dysfunction
Spina Bifid: the bone didn't close
main risk factor- folate deficiency (pregnancy period)
occulta
meningocela
myelomeningoccele
complication hydrocephalus: water head
Spinal cord injury: self evident
concussion, contusion, compression, laceration, trasection
secondary: embolism due to bed rest, UTI
Stroke: heart attack in brain, blood vessel blockage or embolism, or hemorrhage (worst headache ever!)
blood on nerves
#3 cause of death - vascular issue, cardiovascular
most common CNS
O2 deprvation
TIA- transient ischemia attack, looks like stroke but temporary
aphysia- talk
Traumatic brain injuries: think of rebound injury sites too
Saturday, January 7, 2012
1-6-12 Friday
PHYS/PATH
Diencephalon
-Thalamus (old time telephone operator):sorts sensory inputs; directs impulse within cerebral cortex
-Hypothalamus:
maintains homeostasis
controlas sympathetic and parasym. a division of ANS
influences heart beat, blood flow, hormone secretion
only part of brain in contact with blood
says when full
Limbic system
b/w cerebrum and diencephalon
-involved in emotional states, behavior, learning, long term memory
stimulates reticular formation?
link function of cerebral cortex and brain stem
Brain Stem
-connects cerebrum and diencephalon with spinal cord
-composed of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata:
midbrain
-superior part of BS
-4 masses form superior part of midbrain
-reflex involving eyes and ears
-conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons,and others
Pons:
-connecting link b/w cerebellum and rest of nervous system
-mainly respiration
Medulla Oblongata: (survival type reflexes)
-respiratory, cardiac, vasomotor centers
-contralateral control
Cerebellum
3parts
-Vermis, left and right hemisphere
function
-coordinate voluntary mm (smooth mvmts out)
-maintain balance
-maintain mm tone
Brain studies:
CT scan- computed tomography
MRI- magnetic resonance imaging
PET- positron emission tomography
electrocephalograph
records electric currents given off by brain nerve cells
sleep
diagnose disease
locate tumors
study drag effect
determine brain death
Cranial nerves! p.180-81)
12 pairs
4 categories
-special sensory impulse
-general sensory impulse
-somatic motor impulse
-visceral motor impulse
I. olfactory
II. optic nerve
III. oculomoto
IV. trochlear
VI. auducens
V. trigeminal
-ophthamic
-maxillary
-mandibular
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear
IX. glossopharyngeal
**X. vagus
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal
Aging nervous system
decrease brain size and weight
decrease speed information process
slowed mvmt
diminished memory
reduced blood flow to brain
CHAP. 10 Sensory system
The senses detects environmental changes
this initiates nerve impulses (stimulus)
stim interpreted by cerebral cortex
sensatoin
Sensory receptors (afferent)
structure
-free dendrite of sensory neuron
-end-organ on dendrite of afferent neuron
-specialized cell ass. with afferent neuron
type of stim/ receptors
chemo-chemical
photo-light
thermo-heat
mechano-mvmt
specialized
vision
hearing
equilibrium
taste
smell
general
pressure, temp, pain, touch
sense of position (like to know where head is)
Eye and Vision
eye protection structure
-eye cavity bones
-eyelids, lashes, brow
-conjunctiva
-lacrimal gland (tears produced)
Coats of eyeball
tunics (same as meninges of brain)
-sclera
-choroid
-retina
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body
function of retina
-detects light and color
rods: dim light, shades of gray, blurred image
cones: bright light, color sensitive, sharp image
connects neurons
MM of eye
-intrinsic: lens and iris (adrenal gland stuff)
-extrinsic: outer surface, voluntary
Ear: hearing and equilibrium
outer and middle are air filled/hollow
inner is fluid filled
Outer
-pinna (aurick): directs sound waves into ear
-external auditory canal (meatus): ceruminous gland
-tympanic membrane (ear drum): vibrates as sound waves enter ear
Middle ear and ossicles (small bones inside) amplify sound waves and transmit sounds
-malleus (hammer)
-incus (anvil)
-stapes (stirrup)
Eustachian tube
-connects mid ear with throat (pharynx)
-allows pressure equalize on both sides of tympanic mem.
-continuous mucous mem. form pharynx to mid ear cavity
Inner ear
bony and membranous labyrinth
-vestibule (forward and back)
-semicicular canals (acts as level)
-cochlea
-perilymph fluid (bony); endolymph fluid (membranous)
hearing organ corti
-located in membranous cochlea (cochlear duct)
-ciliated receptors cells
-tectorial membrane
Equilibrium
located in vestibules and semicircular canals
types of equilibrium
-Static
vestibule: F/B (moving?)
maculae receptors
otoliths fluid
-Dynamic (more directions)
semicircular canals
cristae receptors
Taste; on tongue; basics are sweet, salty etc....
Smell; nasal cavity
-stim by subst. in solution in nasal fluids
-smells stims appetite and flow of digestive juices
olfacotry nerve (cranial nerve I)
Touch
-baroreceptors monitor BP and respond
Pressure
Temp.
Position
-proprioceptors (position)
-in mm, tendon, joints
-relay impulses in body parts in relation to each other
-send impulse to cerebellum for coord.
Pain and relief
different nerves fire at different rates
PATHOLOGY-chapter 4-nervous system
numbness can be more dangerous than pain
(non)verbal communication
meds
Alzheimer (AD) progressive degenerative brain disorder
-memory loss
-dementia
-personality change
-plaques (beta amyloid deposits)
-neourfibrillary tangles (tau protein)
chronic inflammation, injury, gluten? may be causes
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig disease)
progressive degen of motor neurons usually CNS but also PNS
starts as spasm in hands
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune, destroys mylein sheath
can be seen on both sides of body
pain, vision, bladder
symptoms come and go
Peripheral Neuropathy (PN)
issues with PNS damage
injury
infection
systemic disease
toxic exposure
Tx: antidepressants, TENS, etc.
numbness and pain
Dystonia
repetitive, involuntary, sustained contraction in skel. mm.
issue with basal gangia
burst of elect. activity
similar to parkinson, tourette, neck injury
Parkinson Disease
shaking palsy
prog. degen. mvmt disorder
dopamine problem with basal cell ganglia
*causes Lewy bodies build up (a protein)
S&S: resting tremor, bradaykinesia
Tx: meds, others
Tremor: rhythmic oscillation (a symptom)
an essential tremor
Huntington's disease
infection = systemic contra.
Encephalitis
infection of brain
usually viral
with myelitis, meningitis
primary
secondary: herpes simplex, measles, mumps,
Herpes Zoster
'shingles' extremely painful
Diencephalon
-Thalamus (old time telephone operator):sorts sensory inputs; directs impulse within cerebral cortex
-Hypothalamus:
maintains homeostasis
controlas sympathetic and parasym. a division of ANS
influences heart beat, blood flow, hormone secretion
only part of brain in contact with blood
says when full
Limbic system
b/w cerebrum and diencephalon
-involved in emotional states, behavior, learning, long term memory
stimulates reticular formation?
link function of cerebral cortex and brain stem
Brain Stem
-connects cerebrum and diencephalon with spinal cord
-composed of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata:
midbrain
-superior part of BS
-4 masses form superior part of midbrain
-reflex involving eyes and ears
-conducts impulses between higher centers of cerebrum and lower centers of pons,and others
Pons:
-connecting link b/w cerebellum and rest of nervous system
-mainly respiration
Medulla Oblongata: (survival type reflexes)
-respiratory, cardiac, vasomotor centers
-contralateral control
Cerebellum
3parts
-Vermis, left and right hemisphere
function
-coordinate voluntary mm (smooth mvmts out)
-maintain balance
-maintain mm tone
Brain studies:
CT scan- computed tomography
MRI- magnetic resonance imaging
PET- positron emission tomography
electrocephalograph
records electric currents given off by brain nerve cells
sleep
diagnose disease
locate tumors
study drag effect
determine brain death
Cranial nerves! p.180-81)
12 pairs
4 categories
-special sensory impulse
-general sensory impulse
-somatic motor impulse
-visceral motor impulse
I. olfactory
II. optic nerve
III. oculomoto
IV. trochlear
VI. auducens
V. trigeminal
-ophthamic
-maxillary
-mandibular
VII. facial
VIII. vestibulocochlear
IX. glossopharyngeal
**X. vagus
XI. accessory
XII. hypoglossal
Aging nervous system
decrease brain size and weight
decrease speed information process
slowed mvmt
diminished memory
reduced blood flow to brain
CHAP. 10 Sensory system
The senses detects environmental changes
this initiates nerve impulses (stimulus)
stim interpreted by cerebral cortex
sensatoin
Sensory receptors (afferent)
structure
-free dendrite of sensory neuron
-end-organ on dendrite of afferent neuron
-specialized cell ass. with afferent neuron
type of stim/ receptors
chemo-chemical
photo-light
thermo-heat
mechano-mvmt
specialized
vision
hearing
equilibrium
taste
smell
general
pressure, temp, pain, touch
sense of position (like to know where head is)
Eye and Vision
eye protection structure
-eye cavity bones
-eyelids, lashes, brow
-conjunctiva
-lacrimal gland (tears produced)
Coats of eyeball
tunics (same as meninges of brain)
-sclera
-choroid
-retina
cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous body
function of retina
-detects light and color
rods: dim light, shades of gray, blurred image
cones: bright light, color sensitive, sharp image
connects neurons
MM of eye
-intrinsic: lens and iris (adrenal gland stuff)
-extrinsic: outer surface, voluntary
Ear: hearing and equilibrium
outer and middle are air filled/hollow
inner is fluid filled
Outer
-pinna (aurick): directs sound waves into ear
-external auditory canal (meatus): ceruminous gland
-tympanic membrane (ear drum): vibrates as sound waves enter ear
Middle ear and ossicles (small bones inside) amplify sound waves and transmit sounds
-malleus (hammer)
-incus (anvil)
-stapes (stirrup)
Eustachian tube
-connects mid ear with throat (pharynx)
-allows pressure equalize on both sides of tympanic mem.
-continuous mucous mem. form pharynx to mid ear cavity
Inner ear
bony and membranous labyrinth
-vestibule (forward and back)
-semicicular canals (acts as level)
-cochlea
-perilymph fluid (bony); endolymph fluid (membranous)
hearing organ corti
-located in membranous cochlea (cochlear duct)
-ciliated receptors cells
-tectorial membrane
Equilibrium
located in vestibules and semicircular canals
types of equilibrium
-Static
vestibule: F/B (moving?)
maculae receptors
otoliths fluid
-Dynamic (more directions)
semicircular canals
cristae receptors
Taste; on tongue; basics are sweet, salty etc....
Smell; nasal cavity
-stim by subst. in solution in nasal fluids
-smells stims appetite and flow of digestive juices
olfacotry nerve (cranial nerve I)
Touch
-baroreceptors monitor BP and respond
Pressure
Temp.
Position
-proprioceptors (position)
-in mm, tendon, joints
-relay impulses in body parts in relation to each other
-send impulse to cerebellum for coord.
Pain and relief
different nerves fire at different rates
PATHOLOGY-chapter 4-nervous system
numbness can be more dangerous than pain
(non)verbal communication
meds
Alzheimer (AD) progressive degenerative brain disorder
-memory loss
-dementia
-personality change
-plaques (beta amyloid deposits)
-neourfibrillary tangles (tau protein)
chronic inflammation, injury, gluten? may be causes
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig disease)
progressive degen of motor neurons usually CNS but also PNS
starts as spasm in hands
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune, destroys mylein sheath
can be seen on both sides of body
pain, vision, bladder
symptoms come and go
Peripheral Neuropathy (PN)
issues with PNS damage
injury
infection
systemic disease
toxic exposure
Tx: antidepressants, TENS, etc.
numbness and pain
Dystonia
repetitive, involuntary, sustained contraction in skel. mm.
issue with basal gangia
burst of elect. activity
similar to parkinson, tourette, neck injury
Parkinson Disease
shaking palsy
prog. degen. mvmt disorder
dopamine problem with basal cell ganglia
*causes Lewy bodies build up (a protein)
S&S: resting tremor, bradaykinesia
Tx: meds, others
Tremor: rhythmic oscillation (a symptom)
an essential tremor
Huntington's disease
infection = systemic contra.
Encephalitis
infection of brain
usually viral
with myelitis, meningitis
primary
secondary: herpes simplex, measles, mumps,
Herpes Zoster
'shingles' extremely painful
Wednesday, January 4, 2012
1-4-12 Wednesday
PHYS/PATH
chap 8 of memmlers
Nervous system: coordinates body systems; detects and responds to stimuli
structural
central nervous system: CNS, brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: PNS, cranial and spinal nerves
F(x):
somatic nervous system: voluntary, effectors are skeletal mm
autonomic (visceral) nervous system ANS: involuntary, smooth and cardiac mm, glands, divide by:
sympathetic - fight/flight, adrenaline
parasympathetic - rest and digest
Neuron-nerve cell
structure: cell body-nucleus, other organelles; cell fibers-dendrites, axon (some have myelin sheath)
schqann cell helps signal go faster, very outer layer neurilemma. This is called white matter
Types of neurons:
-sensory or afferent neurons: to the brain
-motor or efferent neurons: leave brain to mm
-interneuron/central or association neuron: within CNS
Nerves and Tracts
nerves are fiber bundles within PNS
Tracts are fiber bundles within CNS
organized into fascicles
connective tissue:
-endoneurium
-perineurium
-epineurium
Neuroglia (glial cells)
-protects and nourish nervous tissue
-supports nervous tissure
-aid in cell repair
-removes pathogens/impurities
astrocytes: blood brain barrier-go b/w capillary and neuron (p.149-50)
Nerve impulse
-plasma membrane carries elect. charge (potential)
-plasma membrane is polarized (neg charge)
-membrane potential reverses, generates elec. charge (action potential)
resting state
depolarization
repolarization
sodium/potassuim pump (Na+/K+)
myelin sheath speeds conduction
know chart p. 150
The synapse: junctino point for transmitting nerve impulse
axon (presynaptic) coming in
dendrite (postsynaptic)
synaptic cleft - space
neurotransmitters:
-epinephrine (adrenaline)
-norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-acetylcholine- parasympathetic
-receptors
spinal cord - CNS
link b/w PNS and brain
coordinate impulses within CNS
contained and protected by vertebrae
-structure
unmyelinated tissue (gray matter) inside
-dorals horn (afferent)
-ventral horn (efferent)
-gray commissure
-central canal
myelinated axons (white matter) outside
-posterior median sulcus
-anterior median fissure
-ascending and decending tracts (nerve in CNS)
The reflex Arc
-recptor detects stimulus
-sensory neuron transmits impulse to CNS
-CNS coordinates impulses and org. response
-motor neuron carries impulses away from CNS
-effector carries out response
testin afferent and efferent : knee jerk/patellar reflex
reflex activities
-simple
-spinal
spinal nerves:
31 pairs
each nerve attached to spinal cord
-
-
-
Braches
-cerviacal plexus: phrenic nerve
-Brachial: radial
-lumbrosacral: sacral
-dermatomes: skin
Autonomic Nervous System: ANS
-reg. action of organs and glands, smooth and cardiac mm
-preganglionic neruon connects spinal to ganglion
-postganglionic neuron connects gang. to effector (always use actocolyn?)
ganglion: big group of cell bodies
sympathetic nervous system
-thoracolumbar area (T1-T12)
-collateral ganglia
-celiac ganglion
-superior mesenteric ganglion
-inferior mesenteric ganglion
-adrenergic system (adrenaline/sympathetic)
Parasympathetic
-carniosacral areas
-cholinergic system - actycholine?
Cellular receptors
-cholinergic (actycholine)
-nicotinic (binds nicotine) (somatic): on skel. mm cells, preganglionic
-muscarininc: effector cells of PNS (binds muscarin, a poison)
Adrenergic receptor
-found on receptor cells of sympathetic nervous system
-binds norepinephrine, epinephrine
Chapter 9
Brain:
Cerebrum:
-cerebral hemisphere
-longitudinal fissure divides into 2 hemispheres
-lobes
Diencephalon:
-thalamus
-hypothalamus (only part mixes with blood/ monitor internal conditions)
Brains Stem:
-midbrain: heart/lung fx
-pons: respiratory center
-medulla oblongata
Cerebellum: coordination and mm memory
**p. 169
right side: artistic
left side: analytical
Meninges: connective tissue membrane
3 layers:
-dura mater
-dural sinuses
-arachnoid
-pia mater
Cerebropinal fluid (CSF)
support nerve tissue, cushion shock
carries nutrients to cells
transport waste
produced in ventricles
Cerebral hemisphere
-lobes
>frontal: motor function
>parietal: sensory
>temporal: hearing
>occipital: vision
>insula (within hemisphere)
Cerebral cortex
-gyri
-sulci
-cenral sulcus
-lateral sulcus
-basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
-corpus callosum: connects right and left sides
-internal capsule
F(x) of cerebral cortex:
Front lobes:
-motor area
-speech center
-Broca area (motor speech area)
Parietal:
-sensory area
-est. distance, size, shape
Temporal:
-auditory
-olfactory (smell)
-Wernicke area (speech comprehension)
Occipital:
-visual receive
-visual association
short term/long term memory
MFR
-soul purpose of MFR is relieves pain and restore function (star question)
-3D application of sustained pressure and movement into fascial system
-eliminate fascial restrictions and old movement patterns (no longer relevant and are impeding health and well being [still moving as if injured])
-whole body hands on approach Tx of human structure
-tech. that address fascia - soft tissue mobilization, deep transverse friction, pelvic stabil.
-assit emotional release
-return order/equilibriu to whole person
-Indications: Acute and chronic pain, neurological and movement dysfunction, birth trauma, pelvic dysfun, scar tissue, headaches, ROM.
-Contraindications: general/systemic, local, thorough intake before Tx, assess, assess, assess and then, reassess,
avoid injury- never do anything to hurt cl., good pain vs. bad pain, observe cl., don't do anything you're unsure of
-talk to cl.
-listen to cl.
-watch body lang/ look for tension
-breathing patterns
-changes in skin color
-changes in voice pattern
Fascia
Barnes definition: continuous web connective tissues covering every surface of body; tendency to bind down, distort and cause pain when traumatized in any way; no such thing as a muscle-all is fascia; every muscle, fascicle, microfibril,bone, organ, vessel is surrounded or is fascia.
Tabers Definition: fibrous membrane covering, supports, separates mm, unites skin with underlying tissue, fascia may be superficial, a merely subcutaneous covering permitting free mvmt of skin, or deep enveloping and binding mm; tough connective tissue spreads from head to toe without interruption.
malfunction of fascia cause fibers to bind down/restrict with abnormal pressure on any _____ of body
creates pain with restriction
can cause malfunction in unrelated areas
**fascia responds (quicker) to time, heat, pressure.
divides body and holds up
tightens down in a coiled fashion
without fascia we be bag of bones
*3 components of fascia (collagen, elastin, ground substance)
-collagen:
trauma, stress, and dehydro causes fiber shorten
is protein which creates fibers, ensures no weakness
3 polypeptide chains provide strength over extension- known for its strength
root word= glue producer
most likely to be dysfunctional
tends to be shorten and thicken with trauma
tensile strength: 2000lbs/sq. in.
-elastin:
rubber like/ elastic
laid down parallel to collagen
mostly in skin and arteries
allows mvmt
rebounds and recoils- after being stretched
holds memory, both physical and emotional
-ground substance
used for protection
shock absorption
allows ease of mvmt. w/in tissue (inner fiber distance)
carries nutrients and O2
carries and diffuses waste
great conductor
offers glide viscosity
chap 8 of memmlers
Nervous system: coordinates body systems; detects and responds to stimuli
structural
central nervous system: CNS, brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system: PNS, cranial and spinal nerves
F(x):
somatic nervous system: voluntary, effectors are skeletal mm
autonomic (visceral) nervous system ANS: involuntary, smooth and cardiac mm, glands, divide by:
sympathetic - fight/flight, adrenaline
parasympathetic - rest and digest
Neuron-nerve cell
structure: cell body-nucleus, other organelles; cell fibers-dendrites, axon (some have myelin sheath)
schqann cell helps signal go faster, very outer layer neurilemma. This is called white matter
Types of neurons:
-sensory or afferent neurons: to the brain
-motor or efferent neurons: leave brain to mm
-interneuron/central or association neuron: within CNS
Nerves and Tracts
nerves are fiber bundles within PNS
Tracts are fiber bundles within CNS
organized into fascicles
connective tissue:
-endoneurium
-perineurium
-epineurium
Neuroglia (glial cells)
-protects and nourish nervous tissue
-supports nervous tissure
-aid in cell repair
-removes pathogens/impurities
astrocytes: blood brain barrier-go b/w capillary and neuron (p.149-50)
Nerve impulse
-plasma membrane carries elect. charge (potential)
-plasma membrane is polarized (neg charge)
-membrane potential reverses, generates elec. charge (action potential)
resting state
depolarization
repolarization
sodium/potassuim pump (Na+/K+)
myelin sheath speeds conduction
know chart p. 150
The synapse: junctino point for transmitting nerve impulse
axon (presynaptic) coming in
dendrite (postsynaptic)
synaptic cleft - space
neurotransmitters:
-epinephrine (adrenaline)
-norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-acetylcholine- parasympathetic
-receptors
spinal cord - CNS
link b/w PNS and brain
coordinate impulses within CNS
contained and protected by vertebrae
-structure
unmyelinated tissue (gray matter) inside
-dorals horn (afferent)
-ventral horn (efferent)
-gray commissure
-central canal
myelinated axons (white matter) outside
-posterior median sulcus
-anterior median fissure
-ascending and decending tracts (nerve in CNS)
The reflex Arc
-recptor detects stimulus
-sensory neuron transmits impulse to CNS
-CNS coordinates impulses and org. response
-motor neuron carries impulses away from CNS
-effector carries out response
testin afferent and efferent : knee jerk/patellar reflex
reflex activities
-simple
-spinal
spinal nerves:
31 pairs
each nerve attached to spinal cord
-
-
-
Braches
-cerviacal plexus: phrenic nerve
-Brachial: radial
-lumbrosacral: sacral
-dermatomes: skin
Autonomic Nervous System: ANS
-reg. action of organs and glands, smooth and cardiac mm
-preganglionic neruon connects spinal to ganglion
-postganglionic neuron connects gang. to effector (always use actocolyn?)
ganglion: big group of cell bodies
sympathetic nervous system
-thoracolumbar area (T1-T12)
-collateral ganglia
-celiac ganglion
-superior mesenteric ganglion
-inferior mesenteric ganglion
-adrenergic system (adrenaline/sympathetic)
Parasympathetic
-carniosacral areas
-cholinergic system - actycholine?
Cellular receptors
-cholinergic (actycholine)
-nicotinic (binds nicotine) (somatic): on skel. mm cells, preganglionic
-muscarininc: effector cells of PNS (binds muscarin, a poison)
Adrenergic receptor
-found on receptor cells of sympathetic nervous system
-binds norepinephrine, epinephrine
Chapter 9
Brain:
Cerebrum:
-cerebral hemisphere
-longitudinal fissure divides into 2 hemispheres
-lobes
Diencephalon:
-thalamus
-hypothalamus (only part mixes with blood/ monitor internal conditions)
Brains Stem:
-midbrain: heart/lung fx
-pons: respiratory center
-medulla oblongata
Cerebellum: coordination and mm memory
**p. 169
right side: artistic
left side: analytical
Meninges: connective tissue membrane
3 layers:
-dura mater
-dural sinuses
-arachnoid
-pia mater
Cerebropinal fluid (CSF)
support nerve tissue, cushion shock
carries nutrients to cells
transport waste
produced in ventricles
Cerebral hemisphere
-lobes
>frontal: motor function
>parietal: sensory
>temporal: hearing
>occipital: vision
>insula (within hemisphere)
Cerebral cortex
-gyri
-sulci
-cenral sulcus
-lateral sulcus
-basal nuclei (basal ganglia)
-corpus callosum: connects right and left sides
-internal capsule
F(x) of cerebral cortex:
Front lobes:
-motor area
-speech center
-Broca area (motor speech area)
Parietal:
-sensory area
-est. distance, size, shape
Temporal:
-auditory
-olfactory (smell)
-Wernicke area (speech comprehension)
Occipital:
-visual receive
-visual association
short term/long term memory
MFR
-soul purpose of MFR is relieves pain and restore function (star question)
-3D application of sustained pressure and movement into fascial system
-eliminate fascial restrictions and old movement patterns (no longer relevant and are impeding health and well being [still moving as if injured])
-whole body hands on approach Tx of human structure
-tech. that address fascia - soft tissue mobilization, deep transverse friction, pelvic stabil.
-assit emotional release
-return order/equilibriu to whole person
-Indications: Acute and chronic pain, neurological and movement dysfunction, birth trauma, pelvic dysfun, scar tissue, headaches, ROM.
-Contraindications: general/systemic, local, thorough intake before Tx, assess, assess, assess and then, reassess,
avoid injury- never do anything to hurt cl., good pain vs. bad pain, observe cl., don't do anything you're unsure of
-talk to cl.
-listen to cl.
-watch body lang/ look for tension
-breathing patterns
-changes in skin color
-changes in voice pattern
Fascia
Barnes definition: continuous web connective tissues covering every surface of body; tendency to bind down, distort and cause pain when traumatized in any way; no such thing as a muscle-all is fascia; every muscle, fascicle, microfibril,bone, organ, vessel is surrounded or is fascia.
Tabers Definition: fibrous membrane covering, supports, separates mm, unites skin with underlying tissue, fascia may be superficial, a merely subcutaneous covering permitting free mvmt of skin, or deep enveloping and binding mm; tough connective tissue spreads from head to toe without interruption.
malfunction of fascia cause fibers to bind down/restrict with abnormal pressure on any _____ of body
creates pain with restriction
can cause malfunction in unrelated areas
**fascia responds (quicker) to time, heat, pressure.
divides body and holds up
tightens down in a coiled fashion
without fascia we be bag of bones
*3 components of fascia (collagen, elastin, ground substance)
-collagen:
trauma, stress, and dehydro causes fiber shorten
is protein which creates fibers, ensures no weakness
3 polypeptide chains provide strength over extension- known for its strength
root word= glue producer
most likely to be dysfunctional
tends to be shorten and thicken with trauma
tensile strength: 2000lbs/sq. in.
-elastin:
rubber like/ elastic
laid down parallel to collagen
mostly in skin and arteries
allows mvmt
rebounds and recoils- after being stretched
holds memory, both physical and emotional
-ground substance
used for protection
shock absorption
allows ease of mvmt. w/in tissue (inner fiber distance)
carries nutrients and O2
carries and diffuses waste
great conductor
offers glide viscosity
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