1-13-12 Friday

PHYS/PATH

Section A of the appendix in the pathology book-drugs/meds

anti-anxiety:
-benzodiazepenes (for short term anxiety): valium, ativan, xanax
complications: decrease heartrate, unaware of pain

-buspirone Hcl

anti-depressant: try to mimic, block, inhibit
-tricyclics: monamine oxidse inhibitors (MAOIs)
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): prozac, zoloft, paxil
others: wellbutrin

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic
salicylates: asprin (thin blood), bayer
acetaminophen: tylenoal
steroidal anti-inflam: prednizone, cortisone, hydrocortine
non steroidal ai (NSAID): celebrex, advil, excedrin, aleve
narcotics and mixed narcs: codeine, oxycotin, vicodin, dulaudid

Autonomic nervous system drugs
cholinergic- parasympathetic
anticholinergic
adrenergic-sympathetic: flomax

Cardiovascular
beta blocker
calcium channal blockers
ACE inhibitors (side effect can be cough)
digitalis
anti angina: nitroglycerin-vasodialation
anti lipemic: lipitor, zocor, questran
diuretics (make pee more): thiazide - losing potassium

Cancer drugs: stop cell replication or tumor itself. not prolonging life, just shrinking tumor

clotting
anticoagulants- heparin, coumadin
massage can bruise
antiplatelet: asprin, plavix

diabetes: type 1: cannot produce insulin; low blood sugar = non responsive
type 2: environment, diet
insulin
oral glucose

muscle relaxant
centrally acting skeletal mm relaxants: flexeril, norflex, valium,

thyroid: T4-inactive T3-gets activated
evothyroxine, synthetic T4 - going to speed things up
dessicated-armour thyroid T4 and T3, not synthetic
liothyronin- cytomet, synthetic T3



class on drugs: A,B,C,D
less toxic is A, to most toxic which is D


Chapter 6 in Memmler's


skeletal system: bones, jt, connective tissue

Bones: framework, protective structure, calcium source, blood cells, leverage for mvmt
types: compact bone: **Haversion system (osteons)-circle with artery and vein in the middle (p92)
spongy (cancellous)
bone marrow: red and yellow
bone membranes
periosteum (outside)
endosteum (inside)


***types of bone cells
osteoblasts: matrix
osteocytes: repair/maintain
osteoclasts: resorb bone tissue
ossification: conversion of cartilage to bone

formation long bone
cartilage turns into bone
epiphyseal plates on both ends
bones continue to lengthen
bone stop
bones resorption and formation continues

bone markings
projections
depressions

axial, appendicular
cranial ,facial

anterior fontanel (soft spots on infant skull)

vertebral

aging:
decrease: calcium salts, protein, collagen, height, chest diameter


Chapter 7-mm

smooth, cardiac, skeletal

smooth: tapered end, narrow, long, no striated, involuntary,
stim-nerve impulses, hormones, stretching

cardiac: involuntary, heart, branching interconnection, ***intercalated disc**, single central nucleus, striated
Stim- electrical impulse, para/sympathetic

skeletal: voluntary, striated,

muscular system:
mvmt of skeletal,
posture maintenance
heat generation-mvmt creates heat

structure of mm
connective tissue layers
-endomysium: around individual fibers
-perimysium: bundles of mm fibers
-epimysium: over entire mm, part of deep fascia
tendons

mm cell=mm fiber
**mm fibrills are within each fiber

mm cell in action
each mm fiber attches to synaps
neuromuscular junction (NMJ) (special synapse for mm)
-neurotransmitter
-synaptic cleft
-receptors
-motor end plate
Acetocholyin with nicotinic receptor

properties of mm
excitability
-action potential
contractility
-actin-thin red/orange fiber
-myosin-thick blue fiber
-sarcomere
-ATP
need ATP and calcium for mm contraction

calcium:
released when nerve fiber stim mm cell
attaches to proteins blocking receptor sites
allows cross bridges to form between actin and myosin
returns to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) whick is called "sarcoplasmic reticulum" in mm cell

Energy sources
ATP
O2
glucose or others
myoglobin?

O2 consumption
aerobic glucose metabolism
-requires O2
-used during normal _____

anaerobic glucose metabolism
-doesn't require o2
-used during strenuous activity
-less ATP produced
-lactic acid accumulates
-o2 debt develops
recovery o2 consumtion